Essay Topics For Poetry and Prose

Essay Topics For Poetry and ProseThe essay topics for poetry and prose differ greatly from the other subjects. This is one of the main reasons why one would be fascinated to have these subjects to write about. These topics are very intriguing, since they require the writer to exert a lot of energy and brain power.The essay topics for poetry or prose differ from the other subjects. They are not just determined by the length of the poem or the page space, but also by the writer's own capabilities as well as the requirements of the subject at hand. Some topics can include even the alphabets or the grammar of the language. There are some topics that require advanced knowledge and understanding in order to come up with the right topic.One may wonder where to get essay topics for poetry and prose. A good place to start would be the internet. There are a number of websites that are dedicated to the topic of essay topics for poetry and prose. Some of these sites offer resources and tutorials that are helpful for the writer in formulating the topic. You can even find some basic grammar software tools and programs that can help you in coming up with a good topic.You may want to consider essays in which essay topics for poetry and prose are concerned. If this is so, you should remember that the topic may be difficult to come up with. This is why it is important to ask for assistance from an expert.A few of the essay topics for poetry and prose include various instances of creative writing, literary criticism, and persuasive writing. There are lots of subjects that are popular for essay topics in poetry and prose. One of the most popular subjects that are written about by a variety of writers are love poems. These love poems, which are considered to be poems of passion, may range from simple to complex in their presentation. The essay topics for poetry and prose can be different from each other. One thing that you should always remember is that the theme or topic of the es say must be chosen carefully. There are so many essay topics for poetry and prose, but you should always take into consideration the nature of the topic before choosing one.Essay topics for poetry and prose are also very significant in case you are planning to apply for a Ph.D. program. The topic of the essay may be dictated by the nature of the college you intend to attend. There are some subjects that may vary from a military-based institution to an academically oriented college.While essay topics for poetry and prose are very important, one of the most important things is to have the ability to write clearly and concisely. A clear and concise writer is a better writer. This is why the topic of the essay must be clear, so that the writer can only proceed with better planning.

Reflecting

ReflectingWriting reflection essay is one of the most common ways of expressing what you think about a subject. This essay is a reflection about how you see the world around you, and it will include things such as your own opinion about current events, yourself, and other people. Writing a reflection essay does not require an extensive amount of research, since it is already an opinion of yours, and all you need to do is to express that opinion in a formal style.In order to write a good reflection essay, you must be able to identify the basic themes of your thoughts and feelings about a particular issue. Reflecting is a means of expressing opinions about certain things, and you can effectively express them by using this kind of essay. After you have identified the basic issues that you want to address in your reflection essay, you must carefully analyze the particular problem in your life and reflect about it, and then analyze the negative effects this problem has had on your life.Re flecting is an effective way of expressing your views. You can also do a reflective essay for personal benefits, for a high school or college essay, or for an exam, depending on the topic that you want to write about. Whatever the subject of your essay, you should use reflection to tell what you think, and this will make you appear more intelligent and creative.Reading is important, but the best way to learn something is to use your brain. Learning how to write reflections is another part of learning how to think. Writing a reflection essay is a way of challenging yourself by giving more information than you normally would, and this is also a part of becoming a better person.Writing a reflection essay will also improve your writing skills. Since this is an opinion of yours, you can also come up with some suggestions that will improve your writing skills. Having an idea of what you want to say in your reflection essay will allow you to come up with ways of making your words more inte resting. Writing a reflection essay is not an easy task, but with practice you will find it easy to write a good reflection essay.Using reflections in writing is a great way to express yourself, and this will give you the tools needed to become a better writer. Thinking of different issues in a reflective way will help you improve your ability to express your ideas.Writing a reflection essay is also a way of dealing with problems, and this will help you learn how to deal with problems. If you are having trouble dealing with problems, writing a reflection essay can help you learn how to deal with difficult situations in life. Writing a reflection essay can also help you learn how to become a better person, so try to write as many essays as you can.

Princess Diana - 1253 Words

One year ago, the death of a princess brought an entire world to tears. The wounds are slowly healing and the grief is less painful. What remains are the lessons that can be learned from a phenomenon that few can entirely forget. At the time it was a mystery. A divorced member of the royal family of a medium-sized European nation dies in a banal car accident in Paris, and for a week the sun, moon and stars are knocked off their appointed tracks. Within days, Europe suffers a shortage of cut flowers as tens of thousands of bouquets are laid before the house of the victim. Demand for newsprint soars; the funeral, watched live on television throughout the world, attracts an audience of 1 billion. A few years later, the mystery remains.†¦show more content†¦97) Children were Dianas delight, she always wanted a little girl. When one little eight-year-old girl Danielle first met the princess, she had no idea of the identity of the special person who was to visit the Rose Ward of Londons Royal Brampton Hospital, where she was lying ill with an irregular heartbeat. Danielle thought it was going to be Alan Shearer. It was, in fact, Diana, paying a private visit to the hospital to see a patient. Diana visited Nepal to see for herself the type of fieldwork in which the Red Cross was involved. As well as her often-unnoticed help at British hospitals, Diana also famously helped the work of Mother Theresa of Calcutta and Imran Khan, the former Pakistani cricket hero, with his charity cancer hospital. ‘This world has few people like Diana, Imran Khan said, ‘who work so devotedly for the well-being of the poor, deprived and down-trodden. (2, page 103) Dianas most recent campaign was against landmines, which really engaged her passion. How, she was asked, had she got involved in the first place? ‘A lot of information started landing on my desk about landmines, and I suppose the pictures were so horrificÂ…that I felt perhaps if I could be part of a team to raise the profile around the world, it would help. Film director Lord Attenborough was a vital link, too: ‘He invited me to the film premiere of In Love and War, which is raising money for the British Red Cross landmines appeal. So it seemedShow MoreRelatedPrincess Diana 2268 Words   |  10 Pagesextravagant. The whole palace was made of the finest materials, it was beautiful. The roof was even made of gold. Despite the royal family’s golden exterior with love for one another and their children, I saw the real Prince and Princess of Wales. I often had time to talk to Princess Diana, although she preferred when I called her Di ( Tompson 1). While Diana’s life was cut too short, every minute that she was alive was exciting, the outfits, the press, and the charities. People could not get enough of herRead More Princess Diana Spencer1421 Words   |  6 PagesPrincess Diana Spencer As I relax on a Sunday evening, breathe in fresh air before I enter my chamber, I catch a glimpse of something magically beautiful. With a long silk blue dress and a pearl-diamond tiara on her golden hair, the Lady, the Princess, the beauty of the world walks down the steps to the cheering crowds. She gives hope to her people when there is none. Sitting here, I feel her warm smile full of love and joy. This is my Diana, the light of this world! Diana’s childhood was fullRead MorePrincess Diana Essay534 Words   |  3 PagesPrincess Diana Princess Diana, also known as Princess of Wales was born on July 1, 1961 at Park House near Sandringham, Norfolk. Her parents, who were married in 1954, were separated when Diana was 13 years old in 1967. Their marriage was dissolved 2 years later in 1969. Dianas mother later married Earl Spencer, who was the Countess of Dartmouth in 1976. Diana was living with her dad with her siblings Sarah, Jane, and Charles. She lived there until her grandfather, Earl Spencer the 7thRead More Princess Diana Essay1065 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout Princess Diana’s lifetime she loved, cared, and helped others along the way. She had many accomplishments in life. Such as her children and her many organizations. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Lady Diana Frances Spencer was born on July 1, 1961 at Park House, a residence on the royal estate at Sandringham. She was the third of four children and the youngest daughter. Diana was born to her father Edward John Spencer Viscount Althorp and mother Frances Roche Spencer (King 27). Diana sharedRead MoreEssay on Princess Diana1723 Words   |  7 Pagesyielding herself from the constant harassment and persistence. Princess Diana of Wales always knew how to make an entrance. Rich, poor, famous, and obscure gathered around for a glimpse of the famous Diana, hoping to see her beauty, hoping to see the elegance she carried, hoping for one single glance in their direction. Through all movies and documentaries exposed, the knowledge of Princess Diana has grown extensively to me. Princess Diana’s journey through the media begins with the accident thatRead MoreEssay Princess Diana1202 Words   |  5 Pages One year ago, the death of a princess brough t an entire world to tears. The wounds are slowly healing and the grief is less painful. What remains are the lessons that can be learned from a phenomenon that few can entirely forget. At the time it was a mystery. A divorced member of the royal family of a medium-sized European nation dies in a banal car accident in Paris, and for a week the sun, moon and stars are knocked off their appointed tracks. Within days, Europe suffers a shortage of cut flowersRead MorePrincess Diana Essay957 Words   |  4 PagesHearts Throughout her life all eyes were always on Princess Diana. Millions came to identify with her and, when she died, they felt as though they have lost a best friend. Princess Di was known across the world as â€Å"The People’s Princess† and â€Å"The Queen of Our Hearts†. She was one of the most admired and relatable princesses to society. Through her charity and her life struggles, many people can admire and relate to Princess Diana. Princess Diana was involved in nearly 100 charities during her lifeRead More Princess Diana Essay2975 Words   |  12 Pages Princess Diana was born The Honorable Diana Frances Spencer on July 1, 1961. She was the third female child to Viscount and Viscountess Althorp. Diana had two older sisters, Sarah and Jane and one younger brother, Charles. Her family was well off and Diana had a privileged childhood. The Spencer’s made their money as successful sheep traders in the 15th century. With their fortune they built Althorp House in Northamptonshire and acquired a family crest and motto – amp;quot;God defend the rightamp;quot;Read MorePrincess Diana Essay1384 Words   |  6 PagesPrincess Diana Diana Spencer was born July 1, 1961. This date was the start of one of the most remarkable individuals in the world . She was once quoted as saying, One minute I was a nobody the next minute I was Princess of Wales, mother ,member of the royal family and it was too much for one person to handle (Morton story,104). The Princess of Wales struggled throughout her life due to bulimia, an unhappy marriage, and the media. Dianas astrologer, Felix Lyle, quotedRead MorePrincess Diana Essay example1691 Words   |  7 Pagesthe world. Princess Diana influenced millions of people from all over the world, and her legacy will remain forever. Lady Diana Frances Spencer was born at home on July 1, 1961, in Norfolk, England (Morton 70). Her parents were very ashamed that she was a girl. They wanted a boy very badly to keep the Spencer name (Morton 71). Diana had two older sisters and one younger brother. She was always the closest to her brother, Charles, and admired him strongly (Vickers 160). As a child, Diana was somewhat

What Experts Arent Saying About Ielts Band 9 Essay Samples Pdf and How It Affects You

What Experts Aren't Saying About Ielts Band 9 Essay Samples Pdf and How It Affects You Choosing Good Ielts Band 9 Essay Samples Pdf There are several smart scientists who don't have the funds to acquire important info to finish their research. A persuasive speech is provided with the goal of persuading the audience to feel a particular way, to take a particular action, or to support a particular view or cause. Possessing great research abilities and selecting an excellent topic is critical. Therefore, it's vital to learn how to approach any issue with a strong focus on solving it. Ielts Band 9 Essay Samples Pdf Can Be Fun for Everyone While attempting to learn how to compose a persuasive essay step-by-step, students forget about another crucial activity. In general, they are asked to write assignments that take between half an hour and a whole hour. In such a situation, a student is needed to choose a proper topic to write about. High school, college, and sometimes even u niversity students from all around the world are writing persuasive essays. While each particular criterion has its specific directions, to find an exemplary grade, you want to learn how to properly combine them. Making the completion of private finance coursework a requirement for graduation would make sure that young individuals are at least aware of the fundamentals of keeping up a financial stability. In nearly all high schools, your capability of writing this kind of essay is going to be evaluated in class. The objective of brainstorming is to help you receive ideas. One of the most usual forms of writing is essay writing. It will be simpler that you compose a decent persuasive essay if it's a subject in which you have knowledge. As soon as your writing is finished, make certain to have an editor review your essay for you. As any guide on the best way to compose a persuasive essay will inform you, your essay has to be organized in paragraphs with a logical progression from 1 paragraph to the next. Just comply with the guidelines stated above, and you will be well on your way to writing a great persuasive essay. The finest persuasive short essays often concentrate on controversial problems. Quite simply, essay writing was classified as a formal and informal type of writing. You might also see college essay. You can also see scholarship essay. Ielts Band 9 Essay Samples Pdf: No Longer a Mystery Readers need to be able to adapt the perspective of the author and see from her or his eyes on where he or she's coming from. Through persuasive writing, the reader has to be in a position to discern and adapt a particular point of view and have a strategy. The target of a persuasive essay is to convince your readers your viewpoint is the ideal viewpoint. You need a firm opinion about an issue that you would like your readers to accept. It's possible that you try many methods to turn the pages of eBook to boost your reading experience. To start with, imposing a greater tax is likely to make fast foods unaffordable to poor men and women. Also, certain kinds of information in the incorrect hands can be devastating for society. Though people believe education is a correct and will make society, overall, a better place for everybody, others feel there's no authentic way to provide a free college education as colleges would still must be funded (likely through tax dollars). One of the principal reasons that raise the usage of fast foods is that they may be cooked in a few minutes. Hearsay, Lies and Ielts Band 9 Essay Samples Pdf A well-structured essay has a great introduction, body paragraphs that are simple to follow and connect t ogether, and a great conclusion. Most academic essay topics usually ask you to select a side in an argument or maybe to defend a specific side against criticism. It would be considerably more difficult to align your arguments to coordinate with the thesis, and it could diminish the worth of your assessment and the validity of your arguments. Without a thesis, it's impossible that you present a productive argument. There are not any steadfast rules that you want to adhere to as you write. CONCLUSION In conclusion, distributing information absolutely free of charge can help in some specific facets but can also be harmful to society. General Task 1 questions are composed of 3 unique pieces. If you're not healthy, you won't get to relish life. On the opposing side, obtaining a list of good persuasive essay topics is inadequate. If you wish to learn how to compose a great persuasive essay, you're looking in the correct place! A persuasive essay should be able to grab the interest of the folks reading it easily.

NAVIGATING A SUCCESSFUL PROPOSAL PROCESS PART 1 OF 3 - The Writers For Hire

NAVIGATING A SUCCESSFUL PROPOSAL PROCESS: PART 1 OF 3 To Bid or Not to Bid You’ve just received a Request for Proposal (RFP). You’re elated. It’s a sizable contract; capturing the contract and the customer’s repeat business would be an enormous leap forward for your company. Then you begin to look at the RFP. It’s a 100-page document full of jargon, legalese, and pages upon pages of requirements you may never have fulfilled — at least on this scale — and the elation fades to doubt. When you see the proposal deadline, a mild panic sets in. Where do I begin? Should we even try to tackle this? How should I put the best team together? How can we pull this off with the least stress and the most efficiency? These are the questions we’ll address during this three-part blog series. Take a deep breath, and follow these first steps toward a thorough, well-managed proposal process.   First Things First Remember, a Request for Proposal is just that: a request. You are not obligated to respond, and, depending on the requirements outlined in the RFP, you may not want to respond. The first question to ask is whether this contract will truly benefit your company. Daniel Hewitt, a Process Safety Specialist with a Houston-area engineering firm, emphasizes, â€Å"This is a question you should take very seriously. Not all contracts are worth pursuing. No matter how big the contract, no project is worth pursuing when it is doomed from the start or is likely to damage your reputation.† Answering this question requires a thorough analysis of the RFP and some legwork on your part.   Analyzing the RFP Before making a decision about submitting a proposal, you must begin gathering information. Calmly read the RFP from cover to cover. Use a highlighter, write questions in the margins, take notes, and study it. Be thoroughly familiar with it before taking it to other people in your organization to avoid misinforming anyone involved. Watch for buried requirements. Requirements may be lurking in a footnote, a table, or in very small print beneath a drawing; missing them can cost money or hold up the project. Paul Munger, 30-year employee and project estimator for Dallas-based T W Design, illustrates this point. â€Å"For example, your company may ordinarily paint the machinery for its contracts. An asterisked note in 6-point type says something is to be powder coated. If you were to paint it and then be told by the client it was to have been powder coated, it could be very costly. And your company would have to absorb the costs.† Look for information that is not there. â€Å"Often there is information missing from the RFP that may be critical to project delivery,† Hewitt said. â€Å"Make a list of any questions you have concerning what seems to have been left out. Bring up any concerns you have about missing information with those who may be affected: the estimator, the procurement manager, the person who will head up the project if the contract is won, and the person in charge of company or contract finances.† Note the deadline for asking questions. The company issuing the RFP will typically answer questions and clarify items in the RFP — up to the designated cutoff point. Companies handle these requests for clarification differently. Some answer an individual company’s question(s) independently. Some route the response via email to everyone on the bid list. Others hold a meeting to which all bidders are invited, and questions are answered at the meeting. â€Å"Just be sure to submit your questions prior to the deadline,† Munger said. â€Å"Only rarely will you be able to ask anything afterward.† Scrutinize contract terms and up-front costs. For example, Marion Winsett, a career sales manager in oilfield equipment, said, â€Å"Does the contract require that you or any subcontractor post a performance bond?† Winsett recalls a contract his company bid on and lost. The RFP stipulated that a particular subcontractor be included on the project. It further required that the subcontractor post a $1 million performance bond. The subcontractor refused to agree to the performance bond, and the workaround Winsett’s company offered in its proposal was rejected. â€Å"Our failure to come to an agreement on that single issue cost us a huge contract.† Munger recommends paying attention to any other type of mandated insurance and specifications requiring a longer warranty period than is normally offered. â€Å"Check with the procurement manager regarding the cost of additional warranty coverage,† he advised. â€Å"When you find a company willing to offer an extended warranty, it is likely to cost more or require extra lead time.† Addressing contract terms up front is extremely important, Hewitt said. â€Å"A lump sum or turnkey contract must be examined with a fine-toothed comb. If the RFP is not well thought out, and your questions related to missing information are not resolved early on, that is a huge red flag.† Perhaps you shouldn’t respond, as committing to a poorly defined project could seriously affect project success. Assess the resources required and the contract schedule. Make note of the number of resources and the sequence in which resources will be required. You may want to involve subcontractors rather than increase your workforce or try to expand your services. How many employees and/or subcontractors will be needed at project startup? When will the resource curve be at its height, and how many resources will be needed? What about closeout? â€Å"Ask the contract manager to estimate resource requirements and immediately apprise you of potential roadblocks,† Munger advised.   If subcontractors are required, a team must be assembled to source and select the subcontractors immediately after the determination to bid the contract has been made. This team is often independent of the team writing the proposal team. The subcontractor selection team may be members of your sales force, as they likely have existing relationships with subcontractors. Winsett stresses the importance of working closely with the subcontractor(s). â€Å"The selection team and the subcontractor must agree to the terms in the RFP. Terms stipulated in the RFP that the subcontractor sees as roadblocks must be addressed immediately.†   Understand what it will take to do the job. If the RFP calls for designing, building, repairing, or otherwise providing something that is not an item you normally provide, make sure that your estimate accounts for those things. â€Å"Consult a representative of the labor force to determine how the task might be accomplished,† Munger suggested. Make a list of the materials required and the associated specifications. If your company has an estimator and a purchasing agent, now is the time to seek their input. Give the RFP, the list of standard materials, and the projected labor requirements to the estimator. Ask the estimator to read the RFP and let you know if he or she thinks you’ve underestimated your ballpark resource hours or failed to note some critical materials or equipment. If the RFP calls for any nonstandard items, take your list of nonstandard items to the purchasing agent. Ask the purchasing agent to read the RFP to double-check your list and to let you know immediately if there are issues related to product availability, backorders, and long lead times. If your company doesn’t have a designated estimator or purchasing agent, enlist whatever help you can get so that issues regarding the cost of materials and any nonstandard items can be addressed immediately. It’s Time to Decide As soon as you have read the RFP and received some key players’ assistance, head straight to the person with the purse strings. Discuss the terms of the RFP regarding up-front costs, terms of payment, and additional staffing. After your discussions with the financial officer, the estimator, and the project manager, Hewitt emphasizes that you should have a â€Å"Go/No-Go meeting.† This meeting should include the persons just mentioned and any others you’ve involved who may have foreseen a red flag on the RFP, as well as the top decision-maker for your company or division. Brainstorm how issues in financing, staffing, and materials acquisition might be resolved. â€Å"Set aside your belief in how important this client’s business might be,† Hewitt said. â€Å"Consider whether the roadblocks you’ve identified could actually result in project failure, a damaged reputation, or financial loss.† You must resolve the issues or agree to pass on this one. Next in this series: We’re Going Forward. What Next?   If you’ve struggled with previous proposals — possibly in the form of all-nighters, frustrated teams, and a mess of email miscommunication — then you know just how wrong proposal preparation can go.   Setting up the right team from the start can mean the difference between smooth writing and proposal hell. From sales reps to SMEs, learn who should be on your proposal team to keep the writing on track and help secure a winning bid.

Privacy on the Internet for IT Majors

Privacy on the Internet for IT Majors Free Online Research Papers Recently the Internet has seen tremendous growth, with the ranks of new users swelling at ever-increasing rates. This expansion has catapulted it from the realm of academic research towards newfound mainstream acceptance and increased social relevance for the everyday individual. Yet this suddenly increased reliance on the Internet has the potential to erode personal privacies we once took for granted. New users of the Internet generally do not realize that every post they make to a newsgroup, every piece of email they send, every World Wide Web page they access, and every item they purchase online will be monitored or logged by some unseen third party. The impact on personal privacy is enormous; already we are seeing databases of many different kinds, selling or giving away collections of personal data, and this While the Internet brings the danger of diminished privacy, it also ushers in the potential for expanding privacy protection to areas where privacy was previously unheard of. This is our vision: restoration and revitalization of personal privacy for online activities, and betterment of society via privacy protection for fields where that was previously impossible. We want to bring privacy to the Internet, and bring the Internet to everyday privacy practices. The purpose of this paper is not to present new results, but rather to encourage further research in the area of Internet privacy protection, and to give an overview (necessarily brief in a short paper such as this) of privacy-enhancing technologies. Section 2 explores some motivation for studying privacy issues on the Internet, and Section 3 provides some relevant background. We then discuss Internet privacy technology chronologically, in three parts: Section 4 describes the technology of yesterday, Section 5 explains todays technology, and Section 6 explores the technology of tomorrow. Finally, we conclude in Section 7. Motivation The threats to ones privacy on the Internet are two-fold: your online actions could be (1) monitored by unauthorized parties and (2) logged and preserved for future access many years later. You might not realize that your personal information has been monitored, logged, and subsequently disclosed; those who would compromise your privacy have no incentive to warn you. The threat of long-term storage and eventual disclosure of personal information is especially acute on the Internet. It is technically quite easy to collect information (such as a compendium of all posts you have made to electronic newsgroups) and store it for years or decades, indexed by your name for easy retrieval. If you are looking for a job twenty years from now, do you want your employer to browse through every Usenet posting youve ever made? If you are like most people, you have probably said something (however minor) in your past you would prefer to forgetperhaps an incautious word from your indiscreet youth, for instance. Long-term databases threaten your ability to choose what you would like to disclose about your past. Furthermore, in recent years great advances have been made in technology to mine the Internet for interesting information. This makes it easy to find and extract personal information about you that you might not realize is available. (For instance, one of your family members might have listed information about you on their web page without your knowledge; Internet search engine technology would find this easily.) Did you know your phone number, email address, and street address are probably listed on the Web? Or that your social security number is available on any of several for-pay electronically-searchable databases? Most people probably do not want to make it easy for salesmen, telemarketers, an abusive ex, or a would-be stalker to find them. In these ways, the Internet contributes to the dossier effect, whereby a single query can compile a huge dossier containing extensive information about you from many diverse sources. This increasingly becomes a threat as databases containing personal information become electronically cross-linked more widely. A recent trend is to make more databases accessible from the Internet; with todays powerful search engine and information-mining technology, this is one of the ultimate forms of cross-linking. (For instance, phone directories, address information, credit reports, newspaper articles, and public-access government archives are all becoming available on the Internet.) The dossier effect is dangerous: when it is so easy to build a comprehensive profile of individuals, many will be tempted to take advantage of it, whether for financial gain, vicarious entertainment, illegitimate purposes, or other unauthorized use. Government is one of the biggest consumers and producers of dossiers of personal information, and as such should be viewed as a potential threat to privacy. The problem is that todays governments have many laws, surveillance agencies, and other tools for extracting private information from the populace [6]. Furthermore, a great many government employees have access to this valuable information, so there are bound to be some workers who will abuse it. There are many examples of small-scale abuses by officials: a 1992 investigation revealed that IRS employees at just one regional office made hundreds of unauthorized queries into taxpayer databases [2]; employees of the Social Security Administration have been known to sell confidential government records for bribes as small as $10 [22]; highly confidential state records of AIDS patients have leaked [3]. Finally, there is very little control or oversight, so an corrupt leader could easily misuse this information to seize and maintain po wer. A number of cautionary examples are available: FBI Director Edgar Hoover had his agency spy on political dissidents, activists, and opponents; the NSA, a secret military surveillance agency, has a long history of spying on domestic targets [5]; President Clintons Democratic administration found themselves with unauthorized secret dossiers on hundreds of Republican opponents in the Filegate scandal. Anonymity is one important form of privacy protection that is often useful. We observe that anonymity is often used not for its own sake, but primarily as a means to an end, or as a tool to achieve personal privacy goals. For example, if your unlisted telephone number is available on the web, but cant be linked to your identity because you have used anonymity tools, then this might be enough to fulfill your need for privacy just as effectively as if you had kept the phone number completely secret. Many applications of online anonymity follow the common theme of physical security through anonymity. For instance, political dissidents living in totalitarian regimes might publish an exposà © anonymously on the Internet to avoid harassment (or worse!) by the secret police. In contexts other than the Internet, anonymous social interaction is both commonplace and culturally accepted. For example, the Federalist papers were penned under the pseudonym Publius; many other well-known literary works, such as Tom Sawyer, Primary Colors, etc. were also written anonymously or under a pseudonym. Today, home HIV tests rely on anonymous lab testing; police tip lines provide anonymity to attract informants; journalists take great care to protect the anonymity of their confidential sources; and there is special legal protection and recognition for lawyers to represent anonymous clients. The US Postal Service accepts anonymous mail without prejudice; it is well-known that anonymous voice calls can be easily made by stepping into a payphone; and ordinary cash allows everyday people to purchase merchandise (say, a copy of Playboy) anonymously. In short, most non-Internet technology today grants the ordinary person access to anonymity. Outside of the Internet, anonymity is widely accepted and recognized as valuable in todays society. Long ago we as a society reached a policy decision, which we have continually reaffirmed, that there are good reasons to protect and value anonymity off the Internet; that same reasoning applies to the Internet, and therefore we should endeavor to protect online anonymity as well. There are many legitimate uses for anonymity on the Internet. In the long term, as people take activities theyd normally do offline to the Internet, they will expect a similar level of anonymity. In fact, in many cases, they wont even be able to imagine the extensive use this data could be put to by those with the resources and incentive to mine the information in a less-than-casual way. We should protect the ordinary user rather than requiring them to anticipate the various ways their privacy could be compromised. Moreover, the nature of the Internet may even make it possible to exceed those expectations and bring anonymity to practices where it was previously nonexistent. In the short term, there are a number of situations where we can already see (or confidently predict) legitimate use of Internet anonymity: support groups (e.g. for rape survivors or recovering alcoholics), online tip lines, whistleblowing, political dissent, refereeing for academic conferences, and merely the pur suit of everyday privacy of a less noble and grand nature. As the New Yorker magazine explained in a famous cartoon, On the Internet, nobody knows youre a dog[23]and this is perhaps one of the greatest strengths of the Internet. On the other hand, illicit use of anonymity is all too common on the Internet. Like most technologies, Internet anonymity techniques can be used for better or worse, so it should not be surprising to find some unfavorable uses of anonymity. For instance, sometimes anonymity tools are used to distribute copyrighted software without permission (warez). Email and Usenet spammers are learning to take advantage of anonymity techniques to distribute their marketing ploys widely without retribution. Denial of service and other malicious attacks are likely to become a greater problem when the Internet infrastructure allows wider support for anonymity. The threat of being tracked down and dealt with by social techniques currently acts as a partial deterrent to would-be intruders, but this would be eroded if they could use Internet tools to hide their identity. We have already seen one major denial of service attack [10] where the attacker obscured his IP source address to prevent tracing. Wid espread availability of anonymity will mean that site administrators will have to rely more on first-line defenses and direct security measures rather than on the deterrent of tracing. Providers of anonymity services will also need to learn to prevent and manage abuse more effectively. These topics are discussed at greater length in later sections. Background A few definitions are in order. Privacy refers to the ability of the individual to protect information about himself. Anonymity is privacy of identity. We can divide anonymity into two cases: persistent anonymity (or pseudonymity), where the user maintains a persistent online persona (nym) which is not connected with the users physical identity (true name), and one-time anonymity, where an online persona lasts for just one use. The key concept here is that of linkability: with a nym, one may send a number of messages that are all linked together but cannot be linked to the senders true name; by using one-time anonymity for each message, none of the messages can be linked to each other or to the users physical identity. Forward secrecy refers to the inability of an adversary to recover security-critical information (such as the true name of the sender of a controversial message) after the fact (e.g. after the message is sent); providers of anonymity services should take care to provi de forward secrecy, which entails (for instance) keeping no logs. Some of the more obvious uses of persistent anonymity are in message-oriented services, such as email and newsgroup postings. Here, the two major problems to be solved are those of sender-anonymity, where the originator of a message wishes to keep his identity private, and of recipient-anonymity, where we wish to enable replies to a persistent persona. In contrast to message-oriented services, we have online services. In these services, which include the World-Wide Web, online chat rooms, phones, videoconferences, and most instances of electronic commerce, we wish to enable two parties to communicate in real time, while allowing one or both of them to maintain their anonymity. The added challenges for online services stem from the increased difficulty involved in sending low-latency information without revealing identity via timing coincidences; to support these online services, we want to erect a general-purpose low-level infrastructure for anonymous Internet communications. In addition, certain specific applications, such as private electronic commerce, require sophisticated application-level solutions. Past In past years email was the most important distributed application, so it should not be surprising that early efforts at bringing privacy to the Internet primarily concentrated on email protection. Today the lessons learned from email privacy provide a foundation of practical experience that is critically relevant to the design of new privacy-enhancing technologies. The most primitive way to send email anonymously involves sending the message to a trusted friend, who deletes the identifying headers and resends the message body under his identity. Another old technique for anonymous email takes advantage of the lack of authentication for email headers: one connects to a mail server and forges fake headers (with falsified identity information) attached to the message body. (Both approaches could also be used for anonymous posting to newsgroups.) Of course, these techniques dont scale well, and they offer only very minimal assurance of protection. The technology for email anonymity took a step forward with the introduction of anonymous remailers. An anonymous remailer can be thought of as a mail server which combines the previous two techniques, but using a computer to automate the header-stripping and resending process [4, 16, 17, 24]. There are basically three styles of remailers; we classify remailer technology into types which indicate the level of sophistication and security. The anon.penet.fi (type 0) remailer was perhaps the most famous. It supported anonymous email senders by stripping identifying headers from outbound remailed messages. It also supported recipient anonymity: the user was assigned a random pseudonym at anon.penet.fi, the remailer maintained a secret identity table matching up the users real email address with his anon.penet.fi nym, and incoming email to the nym at anon.penet.fi was retransmitted to the users real email address. Due to its simplicity and relatively simple user interface, the anon.penet.fi remailer was the most widely used remailer; sadly, it was shut down recently after being harassed by legal pressure [18]. The disadvantage of a anon.penet.fi style (type 0) remailer is that it provides rather weak security. Users must trust it not to reveal their identity when they send email through it. Worse still, pseudonymous users must rely on the confidentiality of the secret identity tabletheir anonymity would be compromised if it were disclosed, subpoenaed, or boughtand they must rely on the security of the anon.penet.fi site to resist intruders who would steal the identity table. Furthermore, more powerful attackers who could eavesdrop on Internet traffic traversing the anon.penet.fi site could match up incoming and outgoing messages to learn the identity of the nyms. Cypherpunk-style (type I) remailers were designed to address these types of threats. First of all, support for pseudonyms is dropped; no secret identity table is maintained, and remailer operators take great care to avoid keeping mail logs that might identify their users. This diminishes the risk of after-the-fact tracing. Second, type I remailers will accept encrypted email, decrypt it, and remail the resulting message. (This prevents the simple eavesdropping attack where the adversary matches up incoming and outgoing messages.) Third, they take advantage of chaining to achieve more robust security. Chaining is simply the technique of sending a message through several anonymous remailers, so that the second remailer sees only the address of the first remailer and not the address of the originator, etc. Typically one combines chaining with encryption: the originator encrypts repeatedly, nesting once for each remailer in the chain; the advantage is that every remailer in a chain must be compromised before a chained message can be traced back to its sender. This allows us to take advantage of a distributed collection of remailers; diversity gives one a better assurance that at least some of the remailers are trustworthy, and chaining ensures that one honest remailer (even if we dont know which it is) is all we need. Type I remailers can also randomly reorder outgoing messages to prevent correlations of ciphertexts by an eavesdropper. In short, type I remailers offer greatly improved security over type 0, though they do have some limitations which we will discuss next. Present The newest and most sophisticated remailer technology is the Mixmaster, or type II, remailer [7, 11]. They extend the techniques used in a type I remailer to provide enhanced protection against eavesdropping attacks. First, one always uses chaining and encryption at each link of the chain. Second, type II remailers use constant-length messages, to prevent passive correlation attacks where the eavesdropper matches up incoming and outgoing messages by size. Third, type II remailers include defenses against sophisticated replay attacks. Finally, these remailers offer improved message reordering code to stop passive correlation attacks based on timing coincidences. Because their security against eavesdropping relies on safety in numbers (where the target message cannot be distinguished from any of the other messages in the remailer net), the architecture also calls for continuously-generated random cover traffic to hide the real messages among the random noise. Another new technology is that of the newnym-style nymservers. These nymservers are essentially a melding of the recipient anonymity features of a anon.penet.fi style remailer with the chaining, encryption, and other security features of a cypherpunk-style remailer: a user obtains a pseudonym (e.g. joeblow@nym.alias.net) from a nymserver; mail to that pseudonym will be delivered to him. However, unlike anon.penet.fi, where the nymserver operator maintained a list matching pseudonyms to real email addresses, newnym-style nymservers only match pseudonyms to reply blocks: the nymserver operator does not have the real email address of the user, but rather the address of some type I remailer, and an encrypted block of data which it sends to that remailer. When decrypted, that block contains the address of a second remailer, and more encrypted data, etc. Eventually, when some remailer decrypts the block it receives, it gets the real email address of the user. The effect is that all of the remailers mentioned in the reply block would have to collude or be compromised in order to determine the email address associated with a newnym-style pseudonym. Another simple technique for recipient anonymity uses message pools. Senders encrypt their message with the recipients public key and send the encrypted message to a mailing list or newsgroup (such as alt.anonymous.messages, set up specifically for this purpose) that receives a great deal of other traffic. The recipient is identified only as Research Papers on Privacy on the Internet for IT MajorsUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThe Project Managment Office SystemOpen Architechture a white paperPETSTEL analysis of IndiaPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseEffects of Television Violence on Children

The Invention of Paper

The Invention of Paper Try to imagine life without paper. Even in the era of emails and digital books, paper is all around us. Paper is in shopping bags, money, store receipts, cereal boxes, and toilet paper. We use paper in so many ways every day. So, where did this marvelously versatile material come from? According to ancient Chinese historical sources, a court eunuch named Tsai Lun (or Cai Lun) presented the newly-invented paper to the Emperor Hedi of the Eastern Han Dynasty in 105 CE. The historian Fan Hua (398-445 CE) recorded this version of events, but archaeological finds from western China and Tibet suggest that paper was invented centuries earlier. Samples of even more ancient paper, some of it dating to c. 200 BCE, have been unearthed in the ancient Silk Road cities of Dunhuang and Khotan, and in Tibet. The dry climate in these places allowed the paper to survive for up to 2,000 years without entirely decomposing. Amazingly, some of this paper even has ink marks on it, proving that ink was invented much earlier than historians had supposed. Writing Materials Before  Paper Of course, people in various places around the world were writing long before the invention of paper. Materials such as bark, silk, wood, and leather functioned in a similar way to paper, although they were either much more expensive or heavier. In China, many early works were recorded on long bamboo strips, which were then bound with leather straps or string into books. People world-wide also carved very important notations into stone or bone, or pressed stamps into wet clay and then dried or fired the tablets to preserve their words. However, writing (and later printing) required a material that was both cheap and lightweight to become truly ubiquitous. Paper fit the bill perfectly. Chinese Paper-Making Early paper-makers in China used hemp fibers, which were soaked in water and pounded with a large wooden mallet. The resulting slurry was then poured over a horizontal mold; loosely-woven cloth stretched over a framework of bamboo allowed the water to drip out the bottom or evaporate, leaving behind a flat sheet of dry hemp-fiber paper. Over time, paper-makers began to use other materials in their product, including bamboo, mulberry and different types of tree bark. They dyed paper for official records with a yellow substance, the imperial color, which had the added benefit of repelling insects that might have destroyed the paper otherwise. One of the most common formats for early paper was the scroll. A few long pieces of paper were pasted together to form a strip, which was then wrapped around a wooden roller. The other end of the paper was attached to a thin wooden dowel, with a piece of silk cord in the middle to tie the scroll shut. The Spread of Paper-Making From its point of origin in China, the idea and technology of paper-making spread throughout Asia. In the 500s CE, artisans on the Korean Peninsula began to make paper using many of the same materials as Chinese paper-makers. The Koreans also used rice straw and seaweed, expanding the types of fiber available for paper production. This early adoption of paper fueled the Korean innovations in printing, as well. Metal movable type was invented by 1234 CE on the peninsula. Around 610 CE, according to legend, the Korean Buddhist monk Don-Cho introduced paper-making to the court of Emperor Kotoku in Japan. Paper-making technology also spread west through Tibet and then south into India. Paper Reaches the Middle East and Europe In 751 CE, the armies of Tang China and the ever-expanding Arab Abbasid Empire clashed in the Battle of Talas River, in what is now Kyrgyzstan. One of the most interesting repercussions of this Arab victory was that the Abbasids captured Chinese artisans, including master paper-makers like Tou Houan, and took them back to the Middle East. At that time, the Abbasid Empire stretched from Spain and Portugal in the west through North Africa to Central Asia in the east, so knowledge of this marvelous new material spread far and wide. Before long, cities from Samarkand (now in Uzbekistan) to Damascus and Cairo had become centers of paper production. In 1120, the Moors established Europes first paper mill at Valencia, Spain (then called Xativa). From there, this Chinese invention passed to Italy, Germany, and other parts of Europe. Paper helped spread knowledge, much of which was gleaned from the great Asian culture centers along the Silk Road, that enabled Europes High Middle Ages. Manifold Uses Meanwhile, in East Asia, paper was used for an enormous number of purposes. Combined with varnish, it became beautiful lacquer-ware storage vessels and furniture. In Japan, the walls of homes were often made of rice-paper. Besides paintings and books, paper was made into fans, umbrellas, even highly effective armor. Paper truly is one of the most wonderful Asian inventions of all time.