Privacy on the Internet for IT Majors

Privacy on the Internet for IT Majors Free Online Research Papers Recently the Internet has seen tremendous growth, with the ranks of new users swelling at ever-increasing rates. This expansion has catapulted it from the realm of academic research towards newfound mainstream acceptance and increased social relevance for the everyday individual. Yet this suddenly increased reliance on the Internet has the potential to erode personal privacies we once took for granted. New users of the Internet generally do not realize that every post they make to a newsgroup, every piece of email they send, every World Wide Web page they access, and every item they purchase online will be monitored or logged by some unseen third party. The impact on personal privacy is enormous; already we are seeing databases of many different kinds, selling or giving away collections of personal data, and this While the Internet brings the danger of diminished privacy, it also ushers in the potential for expanding privacy protection to areas where privacy was previously unheard of. This is our vision: restoration and revitalization of personal privacy for online activities, and betterment of society via privacy protection for fields where that was previously impossible. We want to bring privacy to the Internet, and bring the Internet to everyday privacy practices. The purpose of this paper is not to present new results, but rather to encourage further research in the area of Internet privacy protection, and to give an overview (necessarily brief in a short paper such as this) of privacy-enhancing technologies. Section 2 explores some motivation for studying privacy issues on the Internet, and Section 3 provides some relevant background. We then discuss Internet privacy technology chronologically, in three parts: Section 4 describes the technology of yesterday, Section 5 explains todays technology, and Section 6 explores the technology of tomorrow. Finally, we conclude in Section 7. Motivation The threats to ones privacy on the Internet are two-fold: your online actions could be (1) monitored by unauthorized parties and (2) logged and preserved for future access many years later. You might not realize that your personal information has been monitored, logged, and subsequently disclosed; those who would compromise your privacy have no incentive to warn you. The threat of long-term storage and eventual disclosure of personal information is especially acute on the Internet. It is technically quite easy to collect information (such as a compendium of all posts you have made to electronic newsgroups) and store it for years or decades, indexed by your name for easy retrieval. If you are looking for a job twenty years from now, do you want your employer to browse through every Usenet posting youve ever made? If you are like most people, you have probably said something (however minor) in your past you would prefer to forgetperhaps an incautious word from your indiscreet youth, for instance. Long-term databases threaten your ability to choose what you would like to disclose about your past. Furthermore, in recent years great advances have been made in technology to mine the Internet for interesting information. This makes it easy to find and extract personal information about you that you might not realize is available. (For instance, one of your family members might have listed information about you on their web page without your knowledge; Internet search engine technology would find this easily.) Did you know your phone number, email address, and street address are probably listed on the Web? Or that your social security number is available on any of several for-pay electronically-searchable databases? Most people probably do not want to make it easy for salesmen, telemarketers, an abusive ex, or a would-be stalker to find them. In these ways, the Internet contributes to the dossier effect, whereby a single query can compile a huge dossier containing extensive information about you from many diverse sources. This increasingly becomes a threat as databases containing personal information become electronically cross-linked more widely. A recent trend is to make more databases accessible from the Internet; with todays powerful search engine and information-mining technology, this is one of the ultimate forms of cross-linking. (For instance, phone directories, address information, credit reports, newspaper articles, and public-access government archives are all becoming available on the Internet.) The dossier effect is dangerous: when it is so easy to build a comprehensive profile of individuals, many will be tempted to take advantage of it, whether for financial gain, vicarious entertainment, illegitimate purposes, or other unauthorized use. Government is one of the biggest consumers and producers of dossiers of personal information, and as such should be viewed as a potential threat to privacy. The problem is that todays governments have many laws, surveillance agencies, and other tools for extracting private information from the populace [6]. Furthermore, a great many government employees have access to this valuable information, so there are bound to be some workers who will abuse it. There are many examples of small-scale abuses by officials: a 1992 investigation revealed that IRS employees at just one regional office made hundreds of unauthorized queries into taxpayer databases [2]; employees of the Social Security Administration have been known to sell confidential government records for bribes as small as $10 [22]; highly confidential state records of AIDS patients have leaked [3]. Finally, there is very little control or oversight, so an corrupt leader could easily misuse this information to seize and maintain po wer. A number of cautionary examples are available: FBI Director Edgar Hoover had his agency spy on political dissidents, activists, and opponents; the NSA, a secret military surveillance agency, has a long history of spying on domestic targets [5]; President Clintons Democratic administration found themselves with unauthorized secret dossiers on hundreds of Republican opponents in the Filegate scandal. Anonymity is one important form of privacy protection that is often useful. We observe that anonymity is often used not for its own sake, but primarily as a means to an end, or as a tool to achieve personal privacy goals. For example, if your unlisted telephone number is available on the web, but cant be linked to your identity because you have used anonymity tools, then this might be enough to fulfill your need for privacy just as effectively as if you had kept the phone number completely secret. Many applications of online anonymity follow the common theme of physical security through anonymity. For instance, political dissidents living in totalitarian regimes might publish an exposà © anonymously on the Internet to avoid harassment (or worse!) by the secret police. In contexts other than the Internet, anonymous social interaction is both commonplace and culturally accepted. For example, the Federalist papers were penned under the pseudonym Publius; many other well-known literary works, such as Tom Sawyer, Primary Colors, etc. were also written anonymously or under a pseudonym. Today, home HIV tests rely on anonymous lab testing; police tip lines provide anonymity to attract informants; journalists take great care to protect the anonymity of their confidential sources; and there is special legal protection and recognition for lawyers to represent anonymous clients. The US Postal Service accepts anonymous mail without prejudice; it is well-known that anonymous voice calls can be easily made by stepping into a payphone; and ordinary cash allows everyday people to purchase merchandise (say, a copy of Playboy) anonymously. In short, most non-Internet technology today grants the ordinary person access to anonymity. Outside of the Internet, anonymity is widely accepted and recognized as valuable in todays society. Long ago we as a society reached a policy decision, which we have continually reaffirmed, that there are good reasons to protect and value anonymity off the Internet; that same reasoning applies to the Internet, and therefore we should endeavor to protect online anonymity as well. There are many legitimate uses for anonymity on the Internet. In the long term, as people take activities theyd normally do offline to the Internet, they will expect a similar level of anonymity. In fact, in many cases, they wont even be able to imagine the extensive use this data could be put to by those with the resources and incentive to mine the information in a less-than-casual way. We should protect the ordinary user rather than requiring them to anticipate the various ways their privacy could be compromised. Moreover, the nature of the Internet may even make it possible to exceed those expectations and bring anonymity to practices where it was previously nonexistent. In the short term, there are a number of situations where we can already see (or confidently predict) legitimate use of Internet anonymity: support groups (e.g. for rape survivors or recovering alcoholics), online tip lines, whistleblowing, political dissent, refereeing for academic conferences, and merely the pur suit of everyday privacy of a less noble and grand nature. As the New Yorker magazine explained in a famous cartoon, On the Internet, nobody knows youre a dog[23]and this is perhaps one of the greatest strengths of the Internet. On the other hand, illicit use of anonymity is all too common on the Internet. Like most technologies, Internet anonymity techniques can be used for better or worse, so it should not be surprising to find some unfavorable uses of anonymity. For instance, sometimes anonymity tools are used to distribute copyrighted software without permission (warez). Email and Usenet spammers are learning to take advantage of anonymity techniques to distribute their marketing ploys widely without retribution. Denial of service and other malicious attacks are likely to become a greater problem when the Internet infrastructure allows wider support for anonymity. The threat of being tracked down and dealt with by social techniques currently acts as a partial deterrent to would-be intruders, but this would be eroded if they could use Internet tools to hide their identity. We have already seen one major denial of service attack [10] where the attacker obscured his IP source address to prevent tracing. Wid espread availability of anonymity will mean that site administrators will have to rely more on first-line defenses and direct security measures rather than on the deterrent of tracing. Providers of anonymity services will also need to learn to prevent and manage abuse more effectively. These topics are discussed at greater length in later sections. Background A few definitions are in order. Privacy refers to the ability of the individual to protect information about himself. Anonymity is privacy of identity. We can divide anonymity into two cases: persistent anonymity (or pseudonymity), where the user maintains a persistent online persona (nym) which is not connected with the users physical identity (true name), and one-time anonymity, where an online persona lasts for just one use. The key concept here is that of linkability: with a nym, one may send a number of messages that are all linked together but cannot be linked to the senders true name; by using one-time anonymity for each message, none of the messages can be linked to each other or to the users physical identity. Forward secrecy refers to the inability of an adversary to recover security-critical information (such as the true name of the sender of a controversial message) after the fact (e.g. after the message is sent); providers of anonymity services should take care to provi de forward secrecy, which entails (for instance) keeping no logs. Some of the more obvious uses of persistent anonymity are in message-oriented services, such as email and newsgroup postings. Here, the two major problems to be solved are those of sender-anonymity, where the originator of a message wishes to keep his identity private, and of recipient-anonymity, where we wish to enable replies to a persistent persona. In contrast to message-oriented services, we have online services. In these services, which include the World-Wide Web, online chat rooms, phones, videoconferences, and most instances of electronic commerce, we wish to enable two parties to communicate in real time, while allowing one or both of them to maintain their anonymity. The added challenges for online services stem from the increased difficulty involved in sending low-latency information without revealing identity via timing coincidences; to support these online services, we want to erect a general-purpose low-level infrastructure for anonymous Internet communications. In addition, certain specific applications, such as private electronic commerce, require sophisticated application-level solutions. Past In past years email was the most important distributed application, so it should not be surprising that early efforts at bringing privacy to the Internet primarily concentrated on email protection. Today the lessons learned from email privacy provide a foundation of practical experience that is critically relevant to the design of new privacy-enhancing technologies. The most primitive way to send email anonymously involves sending the message to a trusted friend, who deletes the identifying headers and resends the message body under his identity. Another old technique for anonymous email takes advantage of the lack of authentication for email headers: one connects to a mail server and forges fake headers (with falsified identity information) attached to the message body. (Both approaches could also be used for anonymous posting to newsgroups.) Of course, these techniques dont scale well, and they offer only very minimal assurance of protection. The technology for email anonymity took a step forward with the introduction of anonymous remailers. An anonymous remailer can be thought of as a mail server which combines the previous two techniques, but using a computer to automate the header-stripping and resending process [4, 16, 17, 24]. There are basically three styles of remailers; we classify remailer technology into types which indicate the level of sophistication and security. The anon.penet.fi (type 0) remailer was perhaps the most famous. It supported anonymous email senders by stripping identifying headers from outbound remailed messages. It also supported recipient anonymity: the user was assigned a random pseudonym at anon.penet.fi, the remailer maintained a secret identity table matching up the users real email address with his anon.penet.fi nym, and incoming email to the nym at anon.penet.fi was retransmitted to the users real email address. Due to its simplicity and relatively simple user interface, the anon.penet.fi remailer was the most widely used remailer; sadly, it was shut down recently after being harassed by legal pressure [18]. The disadvantage of a anon.penet.fi style (type 0) remailer is that it provides rather weak security. Users must trust it not to reveal their identity when they send email through it. Worse still, pseudonymous users must rely on the confidentiality of the secret identity tabletheir anonymity would be compromised if it were disclosed, subpoenaed, or boughtand they must rely on the security of the anon.penet.fi site to resist intruders who would steal the identity table. Furthermore, more powerful attackers who could eavesdrop on Internet traffic traversing the anon.penet.fi site could match up incoming and outgoing messages to learn the identity of the nyms. Cypherpunk-style (type I) remailers were designed to address these types of threats. First of all, support for pseudonyms is dropped; no secret identity table is maintained, and remailer operators take great care to avoid keeping mail logs that might identify their users. This diminishes the risk of after-the-fact tracing. Second, type I remailers will accept encrypted email, decrypt it, and remail the resulting message. (This prevents the simple eavesdropping attack where the adversary matches up incoming and outgoing messages.) Third, they take advantage of chaining to achieve more robust security. Chaining is simply the technique of sending a message through several anonymous remailers, so that the second remailer sees only the address of the first remailer and not the address of the originator, etc. Typically one combines chaining with encryption: the originator encrypts repeatedly, nesting once for each remailer in the chain; the advantage is that every remailer in a chain must be compromised before a chained message can be traced back to its sender. This allows us to take advantage of a distributed collection of remailers; diversity gives one a better assurance that at least some of the remailers are trustworthy, and chaining ensures that one honest remailer (even if we dont know which it is) is all we need. Type I remailers can also randomly reorder outgoing messages to prevent correlations of ciphertexts by an eavesdropper. In short, type I remailers offer greatly improved security over type 0, though they do have some limitations which we will discuss next. Present The newest and most sophisticated remailer technology is the Mixmaster, or type II, remailer [7, 11]. They extend the techniques used in a type I remailer to provide enhanced protection against eavesdropping attacks. First, one always uses chaining and encryption at each link of the chain. Second, type II remailers use constant-length messages, to prevent passive correlation attacks where the eavesdropper matches up incoming and outgoing messages by size. Third, type II remailers include defenses against sophisticated replay attacks. Finally, these remailers offer improved message reordering code to stop passive correlation attacks based on timing coincidences. Because their security against eavesdropping relies on safety in numbers (where the target message cannot be distinguished from any of the other messages in the remailer net), the architecture also calls for continuously-generated random cover traffic to hide the real messages among the random noise. Another new technology is that of the newnym-style nymservers. These nymservers are essentially a melding of the recipient anonymity features of a anon.penet.fi style remailer with the chaining, encryption, and other security features of a cypherpunk-style remailer: a user obtains a pseudonym (e.g. joeblow@nym.alias.net) from a nymserver; mail to that pseudonym will be delivered to him. However, unlike anon.penet.fi, where the nymserver operator maintained a list matching pseudonyms to real email addresses, newnym-style nymservers only match pseudonyms to reply blocks: the nymserver operator does not have the real email address of the user, but rather the address of some type I remailer, and an encrypted block of data which it sends to that remailer. When decrypted, that block contains the address of a second remailer, and more encrypted data, etc. Eventually, when some remailer decrypts the block it receives, it gets the real email address of the user. The effect is that all of the remailers mentioned in the reply block would have to collude or be compromised in order to determine the email address associated with a newnym-style pseudonym. Another simple technique for recipient anonymity uses message pools. Senders encrypt their message with the recipients public key and send the encrypted message to a mailing list or newsgroup (such as alt.anonymous.messages, set up specifically for this purpose) that receives a great deal of other traffic. The recipient is identified only as Research Papers on Privacy on the Internet for IT MajorsUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThe Project Managment Office SystemOpen Architechture a white paperPETSTEL analysis of IndiaPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseEffects of Television Violence on Children

The Invention of Paper

The Invention of Paper Try to imagine life without paper. Even in the era of emails and digital books, paper is all around us. Paper is in shopping bags, money, store receipts, cereal boxes, and toilet paper. We use paper in so many ways every day. So, where did this marvelously versatile material come from? According to ancient Chinese historical sources, a court eunuch named Tsai Lun (or Cai Lun) presented the newly-invented paper to the Emperor Hedi of the Eastern Han Dynasty in 105 CE. The historian Fan Hua (398-445 CE) recorded this version of events, but archaeological finds from western China and Tibet suggest that paper was invented centuries earlier. Samples of even more ancient paper, some of it dating to c. 200 BCE, have been unearthed in the ancient Silk Road cities of Dunhuang and Khotan, and in Tibet. The dry climate in these places allowed the paper to survive for up to 2,000 years without entirely decomposing. Amazingly, some of this paper even has ink marks on it, proving that ink was invented much earlier than historians had supposed. Writing Materials Before  Paper Of course, people in various places around the world were writing long before the invention of paper. Materials such as bark, silk, wood, and leather functioned in a similar way to paper, although they were either much more expensive or heavier. In China, many early works were recorded on long bamboo strips, which were then bound with leather straps or string into books. People world-wide also carved very important notations into stone or bone, or pressed stamps into wet clay and then dried or fired the tablets to preserve their words. However, writing (and later printing) required a material that was both cheap and lightweight to become truly ubiquitous. Paper fit the bill perfectly. Chinese Paper-Making Early paper-makers in China used hemp fibers, which were soaked in water and pounded with a large wooden mallet. The resulting slurry was then poured over a horizontal mold; loosely-woven cloth stretched over a framework of bamboo allowed the water to drip out the bottom or evaporate, leaving behind a flat sheet of dry hemp-fiber paper. Over time, paper-makers began to use other materials in their product, including bamboo, mulberry and different types of tree bark. They dyed paper for official records with a yellow substance, the imperial color, which had the added benefit of repelling insects that might have destroyed the paper otherwise. One of the most common formats for early paper was the scroll. A few long pieces of paper were pasted together to form a strip, which was then wrapped around a wooden roller. The other end of the paper was attached to a thin wooden dowel, with a piece of silk cord in the middle to tie the scroll shut. The Spread of Paper-Making From its point of origin in China, the idea and technology of paper-making spread throughout Asia. In the 500s CE, artisans on the Korean Peninsula began to make paper using many of the same materials as Chinese paper-makers. The Koreans also used rice straw and seaweed, expanding the types of fiber available for paper production. This early adoption of paper fueled the Korean innovations in printing, as well. Metal movable type was invented by 1234 CE on the peninsula. Around 610 CE, according to legend, the Korean Buddhist monk Don-Cho introduced paper-making to the court of Emperor Kotoku in Japan. Paper-making technology also spread west through Tibet and then south into India. Paper Reaches the Middle East and Europe In 751 CE, the armies of Tang China and the ever-expanding Arab Abbasid Empire clashed in the Battle of Talas River, in what is now Kyrgyzstan. One of the most interesting repercussions of this Arab victory was that the Abbasids captured Chinese artisans, including master paper-makers like Tou Houan, and took them back to the Middle East. At that time, the Abbasid Empire stretched from Spain and Portugal in the west through North Africa to Central Asia in the east, so knowledge of this marvelous new material spread far and wide. Before long, cities from Samarkand (now in Uzbekistan) to Damascus and Cairo had become centers of paper production. In 1120, the Moors established Europes first paper mill at Valencia, Spain (then called Xativa). From there, this Chinese invention passed to Italy, Germany, and other parts of Europe. Paper helped spread knowledge, much of which was gleaned from the great Asian culture centers along the Silk Road, that enabled Europes High Middle Ages. Manifold Uses Meanwhile, in East Asia, paper was used for an enormous number of purposes. Combined with varnish, it became beautiful lacquer-ware storage vessels and furniture. In Japan, the walls of homes were often made of rice-paper. Besides paintings and books, paper was made into fans, umbrellas, even highly effective armor. Paper truly is one of the most wonderful Asian inventions of all time.

Anti Drinking Campaign Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Anti Drinking Campaign - Essay Example The purpose of the college is to develop all round persons through following the college’s core values such as excellence and efficiency, responsiveness, positive collaborations, hard work, teamwork, diversity as well as honesty and adherence to ethical practices. This paper presents an anti-drinking campaign proposal for Kings College board of directors regarding the college’s reputation for being a party college notorious for underage drinking for so long. Underage drinking remains a leading problem in Kings College as well as a public health problem in America. About five thousand young people under twenty one years of age die each year as a result of underage drinking from alcohol related poisoning, car crushes, suicides, injuries and homicides. Besides being illegal, underage drinking remains widespread with youths within age 12-20 reported to undertake binge drinking in a 2009 underage drinking statistics representing 10.4 million youths in the United States. It c ould be attributed to, but not limited to, peer pressure, stress and the desire for or increased independence. The observed signs of underage drinking in Kings College encompass behavioral and academic problems in school, less care in physical appearance and/or interest in college activities, coordination problems and varying groups of friends. In addition, college students have problems relating to slurred speech, memory and concentration, mood swipes, little energy levels as well as getting a scent of alcohol on their breath and finding alcohol in their belongings. The dangers of underage drinking include impaired judgment, serious injuries, increased risks of sexual and physical assault, interference with brain development, increased risks of future alcohol related problems, the use of other drugs and trouble with the law and in school (NIAAA, 2012; Hanes, 2012). This ant-drinking campaign hailed as ‘Underage Drinking!!! Think Again’ remains an impactful advertisemen t which intends to stimulate personal review of drinking conduct and resilient condemnation of public drunkenness that could cause both emotional and physical harm, especially of innocent persons. The ‘Underage Drinking!!! Think Again’ campaign became well-versed by extensive consultation and research about how underage students feel about the deep-rooted cultural insights existing in America regarding alcohol consumption, public drunkenness and excessive drinking. The campaign builds on the positive comebacks to the successful drinking awareness campaigns. It would establish an innovative thought and meaning in relation to a certain aspects of alcohol consumption among underage college students, that is, to emphasize the disadvantage of losing control of one’s sense of self, a widely held drinking myth in contemporary American society. The advertisement campaign features taped laughter, reflecting the point that lots of underage college students do regard certai n drunken tricks as being rather funny. Then it progresses to a dramatic end where the laughter discontinues, and the viewer becomes challenged through a question: â€Å"Are you honest with yourself?†. The ‘Underage Drinking!!! Think Again’ campaign would go on for the next one year. The CCTV based advertisement would run on the college’

Financial Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Financial Management - Essay Example The discussion will further analyze two strategies of how multinational corporations attempt to maximize profits by utilizing increased demand. New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) NYSE is a tech stock company located in Wall Street in district of lower Manhattan New York. According to 2013 indices the stock market is by far the largest stock market in the world. The market is a result of Buttonwood Agreement of 1792. The exchange is renowned for its survival in the aftermath of World War I, 1929 economic depression and 1945 World War II. However, as this discussion will attempt to establish, the exchange is primarily responsible for cause of the great depression and other similar unethical economic acts. Some of these unethical economic acts are cancellation of companies from trading due to algorithm issues. Market technicians will create a complex algorithm status to make it harder for the common trader to trade. In particular, the Exelon case, a utility company was a direct depict of th is malpractices. The software is altered to ensure that some significant amount of loss is registered on every trade. National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations (NASDAQ) NASDAQ seconds NYSE in terms of size and trade. The company was founded in 1971 and its operated by NASDAQ OMX group. NASDAQ was the first computerized electronic market, and as a result, traders enjoyed NASDAQ platform which was characterized with bid price and ask price of the stock market. In this case, the introduction of electronic system successfully over powered over-the-counter (OTC) system of trading, which was considered as ineffective. The company also introduced the online platform. Again, the introduction of Small Order Execution System (SOES) provided a market platform to beat the prevailing order of phone call automation. However, NASDAQ has with time attempted to manipulate the market demand to boost its profits. This discussion will present the Facebook initial IPO has vivid cas e presentation. Analyze how they attempted to make a profit after the crash and discuss any unethical practices. The economic mood of after recession is characterized with panic, fear resulting to low investments and trading rates. In this event, trading companies will attempt to present to the trader a poor market performance offering a â€Å"do not trade advice†. Many investors will attempt to withdraw their accounts, due to panic, in the process prices will instantly fall. Declined prices are as a result of manipulation will spiral back negatively to the market leading to a further declined prices. The general question rotates on the ability of markets and thoughts of ordinary people. After economic crash, companies resiliently try to bounce to the market with thoughts of capital reformation process (Ingerbrestsen, 2002). For instance, the JPMorgan Chase Bank behavior is totally based on unethical criminal act. Again, after the crash, NYSE and NASDAQ often allow traders to pick given prices without negotiation. This give and take situation is based on market dictatorship of prices. In most cases, these prices are underpriced up to 15% less or even more. Thirdly, the application of de-regulation tendencies on a high frequency trading is an outright move to ensure that there are overwhelming amounts of capital are not used. This is a direct move to

Comparison Of Bottled Water Ads :: Bottled Water Advertising

The product line that was chosen was Water. There are numerous brands that have been developed in the field of water, hence leading to tough competition. But out of the various brands namely Masafi, Gulfa, Oasis, Hatta and Evian. The one with the highest market share was found to be Masafi. Below is the detailed description of each ad in the respective media's and the appeal created by it:- A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Newspapers and Magazines- 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Brand- MASAFI Ad Description- Masafi resorts to an attractive full-page advertisement. Masafi has always provided products, which reflect the consumers aspirations, trends and increasingly health-conscious demands. The Masafi ad in the newspaper and magazine focuses on the purity of the water and states the reason for the consumer to purchase the best, that is Masafi. To begin with, the ad is pictured on a desert where a cheerful girl is shown through an enlarged glass of water. This illustrates both the clarity of the picture and the purity of the water. In addition to this, the ad further symbolizes that just as a child is pure and serene, the same goes for the water, which is so pure that even a girl standing behind it can be seen through it. The ad states that Masafi is 'Clearly Outstanding' in comparison to the others. On interviewing the customers they mentioned that the ad created a positive emotional appeal. It also mentions that Masafi helps one perform its best both physically and mentally. For these reasons the advertisement motivates the people to buy Masafi. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Brand- GULFA Ad Description-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Gulfa ad focuses on the water, which is collected, from the springs. The ad shows the Gulfa bottle behind which are a few rocks through which water is flowing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Masafi ad focuses on the desert and a girl whereas the Gulfa ad emphasizes on the rocks and mountains from which the water is obtained. The ad states 'Our Production line in full swing' which refers to the fact that just as the water is continuously flowing from the springs, so is the production of Gulfa. The purity of the water can be ascertained as the ad states that it is produced by nature and bottled by Gulfa.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to the viewers this ad creates a rational appeal among the people because it gives them information about the product. It mentions that the P.E.T. bottle is used which motivates the customer to buy the product as it is crushable and does not harm the ecological balance. Comparison Of Bottled Water Ads :: Bottled Water Advertising The product line that was chosen was Water. There are numerous brands that have been developed in the field of water, hence leading to tough competition. But out of the various brands namely Masafi, Gulfa, Oasis, Hatta and Evian. The one with the highest market share was found to be Masafi. Below is the detailed description of each ad in the respective media's and the appeal created by it:- A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Newspapers and Magazines- 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Brand- MASAFI Ad Description- Masafi resorts to an attractive full-page advertisement. Masafi has always provided products, which reflect the consumers aspirations, trends and increasingly health-conscious demands. The Masafi ad in the newspaper and magazine focuses on the purity of the water and states the reason for the consumer to purchase the best, that is Masafi. To begin with, the ad is pictured on a desert where a cheerful girl is shown through an enlarged glass of water. This illustrates both the clarity of the picture and the purity of the water. In addition to this, the ad further symbolizes that just as a child is pure and serene, the same goes for the water, which is so pure that even a girl standing behind it can be seen through it. The ad states that Masafi is 'Clearly Outstanding' in comparison to the others. On interviewing the customers they mentioned that the ad created a positive emotional appeal. It also mentions that Masafi helps one perform its best both physically and mentally. For these reasons the advertisement motivates the people to buy Masafi. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Brand- GULFA Ad Description-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Gulfa ad focuses on the water, which is collected, from the springs. The ad shows the Gulfa bottle behind which are a few rocks through which water is flowing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Masafi ad focuses on the desert and a girl whereas the Gulfa ad emphasizes on the rocks and mountains from which the water is obtained. The ad states 'Our Production line in full swing' which refers to the fact that just as the water is continuously flowing from the springs, so is the production of Gulfa. The purity of the water can be ascertained as the ad states that it is produced by nature and bottled by Gulfa.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to the viewers this ad creates a rational appeal among the people because it gives them information about the product. It mentions that the P.E.T. bottle is used which motivates the customer to buy the product as it is crushable and does not harm the ecological balance.

Marketing of Chanachur

Tea Industry of Bangladesh Bangladesh is a small tea producing country with 3% of the word’s tea production. Tea is agro based, labor incentive and export oriented sector and plays an important role in the national economy through export earnings, trade balance and employment generation. Our tea industry dates back to 1857 when the first tea garden was established at Malnicherra in Sylhet. To day we have 163 tea gardens. The annually production of tea 60 million Kg of made tea and hope to increase our production to 90 million Kg in the next 15 years. Basic Facts of Bangladesh Tea Industry 1.No of tea estates: 163 2. No of tea factories: 114 3. Total allocated area: 113863. 62 hectare 4. Total area under tea: 48610. 16 hectare Characteristics of Bangladeshi Tea Our tea grown on the lush green slopes of Surma and Halda Vallyes are fame for the following a. Appearance – Clearness b. Color – Bright c. Liquor – Pungent i. e. strong but not bitter d. Flavor â₠¬â€œ It has flavor of Assam tea Quality of our tea has the character of brightness with strength briskness and takes little time in brewing. Manufacture of Tea After plucking green leaf are transported to the factory for manufacture.The process of manufacturing comprises following stages- 1. Withering i. e. moisture removal of about 10-15 (65-70% wither) from leaf and bring some chemical for optimum quality development. 2. Fermentation i. e. oxidation process – when tea catechins i. e. polyphonols are degraded to desirable biochemical constituents named Theoflavin (TF) and Thearubigin (TR). 3. Drying i. e. moisture removal form oxidized leaf to 2-3% at dryer mouth level. 4. Sorting i. e. grading of made tea according to particles sizes and are given a grade name e. g.FP, FBOP, BOP, GBOP, OF, FOF, PD, RD, D, CD (10 Primary Grades of CTC) while manufacturing tea in Bangladesh, bright liquor with sufficient strength and aroma, pungency and ISO 3720 are ensured. Types of Tea Bang ladesh is manufacturing tea in the following two types a. CTC 99% b. Green Tea 1% The processed teas are after grading as per size and make are packed in airtight gunny bag or tea chest and sent our Bonded Warehouse in Chittagong for shipment. Types/ grades of different tea are as under- CATEGORY| GRADES| BROKENS| FP (Flowery Pekoe) | | FBOP (Flowery Broken Orange Pekoe)| BOP (Broken Orange Pekoe)| | GBOP (Golden Broken Orange Pekoe)| FANNINGS| OF (Orange Fanning)| | FOF (Flowery Orange Fanning)| DUST| PD (Pekoe Dust)| | RD (Red Dust)| | D (Dust)| | CD (Churamani Dust)| Marketing System Marketing system of Bangladesh tea is defined as the process of sale of manufactured tea in bulk or packed from tea state to the buyers at Chittagong Auction or at the estates levels from where teas are sold with the permission of Bangladesh Tea Board either directly to overseas buyers or internal traders. Tea Auction is held every Thursday at Chittagong. . Direct negotiation sale – Tea can be exported to foreign buyers through direct negotiation between the buyers and traders. 2. Ex Garden sale – In which case sales by the individual producers directly from the estate to the internal buyers (wholesalers & Retailers) take place. Marketing Channels of Tea Tea estate Tea auction Packet tea manufacturer Bidders Exporters Blenders Distribution Foreign buyers Wholesale Wholesalers Retailers Retailers Internal Market Internal market deals with the wholesale and retail business of tea for internal consumption of the country.In this case both wholesale and retail trade license is to be obtained from Bangladesh Tea Board along with Bidder ship license to participate in tea auction. The Tea Traders Association under the guidance of Bangladesh Tea Board arranges auction. All these licenses are renewable yearly. 2. 1 Industry Frame The tea industry of Bangladesh consist the total production by using the 163 tea gardens. The annually production of tea 60 million Kg of made tea and hope to increase our production to 90 million Kg in the next 15 years. the industry frame of tea is considered of national, multination and local companies.

Essay on Euthanasia We All Have the Right to Die

Physician-Assisted Suicide, or Euthanasia, is a serious issue, and it affects people throughout all walks of life. From teenagers with angst, to older adults feeling hopeless in their life, to the elderly suffering from terminal illnesses, suicide pervades throughout their thought processes as an alternative to their emotionally and physically pervasive situations. Euthanasia, or physician-assisted suicide, has a history dating back to the seventeenth century. Only recently has it become as controversial an issue as it has. Why is euthanasia such a touchy, beat around the bush kind of term? Like abortion, euthanasia’s arguments center on right vs. wrong in the social spectrum. In â€Å"Euthanasia Reconsidered — The Choice of Death as an†¦show more content†¦As we see in the 2006 case Gonzalez v. Oregon, the Supreme Court supported the interests of physicians on a euthanasia-related case. In 1994, Oregon enacted the â€Å"Death With Dignity Act† which allowed physicians to prescribe lethal doses of medicine to terminally ill patients. This act was questioned in early 2001 and brought to court by former attorney general Ashcroft, which precipitated the Gonzalez v. Oregon debate. Ultimately, the Supreme Court decided by a 6-3 margin that physician assisted suicide is an important option for terminally ill patients (Sclar 639). We need to consider the choices of the individuals in these situations. If we are willing to accept the idea that our bodies are our own property and w e can do what we want with them, then if we choose to die that should be our right. A patient who would rather die than continue to live in an incapacitated or potentially painful state – someone whose life expectancy is limited anyway and whose quality of life is poor – should have the right to choose to die instead of being forced to suffer. However, the opposing side makes valid points based on the fact that external factors, such as depression, can lead to that choice without the consideration of other options. As a result, it is important that, when considering legalized euthanasia, protections are put into place to insure the mental andShow MoreRelatedDo You Think That the Right to Life Entails a Right to Die Under Certain Circumstances? Should the Law Be Changed to Grant a Universal Right to Voluntary Euthanasia?1000 Words   |  4 Pagesthat the right to life entails a right to die under certain circumstances?† and â€Å"Should the laws be changed to gr ant a universal right to voluntary euthanasia?†. In this essay, I am going to give reasons using ethical theories to justify these questions. Euthanasia Euthanasia is the act of a physician or other third party ending a patients life in response to severe pain and suffering. Euthanasia can be classified into three types. They are voluntary euthanasia, non-voluntary euthanasia and involuntaryRead MoreDo You Think That the Right to Life Entails a Right to Die Under Certain Circumstances? Should the Law Be Changed to Grant a Universal Right to Voluntary Euthanasia?1008 Words   |  5 Pagesthat the right to life entails a right to die under certain circumstances?† and â€Å"Should the laws be changed to grant a universal right to voluntary euthanasia?†. In this essay, I am going to give reasons using ethical theories to justify these questions. Euthanasia Euthanasia is the act of a physician or other third party ending a patients life in response to severe pain and suffering. Euthanasia can be classified into three types. They are voluntary euthanasia, non-voluntary euthanasia and involuntaryRead MoreEuthanasia Should Be Legalized For Terminally Ill People1064 Words   |  5 PagesThe word euthanasia has a Greek meaning â€Å"the good death. On the other hand, in the society today, there are deeper and more meanings to euthanasia than before. Voluntary euthanasia concerns itself with the consent of the person to die through the assistance of others. Voluntary euthanasia can be divided into two areas: passive voluntary witch is holding back medical treatment with the patient’s request, active voluntary killing the patient at that patient s request informing the assistant on howRead MoreEuthanasia Is Not An Acceptable Form Of Euthanasia1556 Words   |  7 Pagesof patients by physicians, whether called â€Å"active euthanas ia† or simply â€Å"euthanasia,† is a topic of long-standing controversy† (Mappes, Zembaty, and DeGrazia 59). â€Å"Although active euthanasia is presently illegal in all fifty states and the District of Columbia, proposals for its legalization have been recurrently advanced. Most commonly, these proposals call for the legalization of active euthanasia. There are some who consider active euthanasia in any form intrinsically immoral and, for this reasonRead MoreEuthanasi An Incurable Form Of Cancer Essay1488 Words   |  6 Pagesthe history of the United States, we have seen certain rights once withheld from specific groups of people given to them through law. Women’s rights, civil rights, mentally-ill rights, and gay rights have been spotlighted in the political agenda. When legislation was passed providing rights to these groups of people, each topic was extremely controversial. However, looking back today on all of these decisions makes it clear that th e United States had come to the right conclusion benefiting our societyRead MoreThe Death Of Euthanasia And Euthanasia1502 Words   |  7 PagesEvery year as we grow older, the thought of our death constantly looms over us. We think of how we might die or when we will die. As we see the people we love around us begin to diminish, there is one situation that we all come across, the situation in which a beloved is stuck in a hospital bed, doomed to die, and we are faced with the decision of whether or not to allow the doctor to end their life immediately or to let them die naturally. Whether we die by our own hands or the hands of anotherRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legal?1656 Words   |  7 PagesIf we knew exactly when we were going to die – and knew for a fact it would be painless – it is a fair bet that that fear would simply melt away. According to Merriam-Webster’s dictionary, euthanasia is the act or practice of killing someone who is very sick or injure d in order to prevent any more suffering (merriam-webster.com); also known as â€Å"mercy killing.† There are three classifications of euthanasia: voluntary euthanasia is performed with the patient s consent; non-voluntary euthanasia isRead MoreEuthanasi A Gentle And Easy Death1240 Words   |  5 PagesA. How can we limit our freedom as an individual by not permitting people to die when it is their right and life? B. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, Euthanasia is â€Å"a gentle and easy death.† 1. Euthanasia is not suicide. Suicide is taking one’s own life because one does not want to live C. Today, I will go over the countries and states that allow Euthanasia, the types of Euthanasia and conditions that patients need to be under to pursue euthanasia, and if it is our rights to pursue euthanasiaRead MoreFirst Affirmative Constructive Speech : Euthanasia1177 Words   |  5 PagesFirst Affirmative Constructive Speech: Euthanasia A lady named Brittany Maynard who was twenty-nine years old had stage 4 of Glioblastoma Multiform, which is brain cancer. She had taken a lethal medication, given to her by her doctors in Portland, Oregon. On November 1, 2014 she had chosen to end her life by Euthanasia. surrounded by family and friends, she died peacefully in her bedroom, with her loved ones by her side. she had thought out her choice well enough to go through with it. she was anRead MoreArguments Against Euthanasia Essay851 Words   |  4 PagesArguments on Euthanasia In this paper, I will be presenting the opposing arguments on Euthanasia, the controversial issue of terminally ill patients committing suicide with the assistance of a physician. One of the main arguments for euthanasia is that people have the right to die. Many people for euthanasia have the mindset that humans have the right to control his or her body and life and therefore have the freedom to choose how, where and when they will die. This belief stems from the idea of