Casestudy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Casestudy - Essay Example This aspect is very subjective and the expectations and objectives along with their ever changing nature make them very ambiguous and prone to conflicts and misinterpretations (Petersitzke, 2009, p.26). This has made the concept of psychological contract the root cause of mistrust between employers and the employees. Psychological contract is a phenomenon that induces at the very onset of a relationship between an employer and an employee. Psychological contract often forms the basis of employee associations and emergence of faiths and beliefs of an individual (Wilton, 2010, p.37). Figure 1: Psychological Contract and the effect on Organization (Source: Wilton, 2010, p.37) The figure above clearly shows the components as well as the influence on the areas of organization with regards to the aspect of psychological contracts. ... The aspect of psychological contract and its linkage with economic and monetary aspects including rewards and compensation has been a matter of debate for academic and other circles. Authors like Schein state that psychological contracts and its effects are only prominent in case of non tangible aspects and hence rewards and monetary compensation do not influence the aspect of psychological contract in an organization and vice versa. However certain authors often refute this claim and state a direct linkage with aspect like compensation and psychological contracts (Makin, Cooper & Cox, 1996, p.5). The case study in the present analysis reveals a case of psychological contracts and its influence. On one hand it is seen that the initial reception to the trainees was good and it induced a lot of motivation on the part of the employees. This include the corporate sponsored lunch and dining at various plush hotels, blackberry set for office work etc. Moreover the rigorous and tough recrui tment process was also motivating to the extent that employees started to believe of a path breaking successful stint at the organization and were hopeful of getting a profile that would add value to their careers. They also hoped that the rigorous process and the following events would essentially mean a tenure that would provide them with considerable responsibility that would add to their learning curve and would enrich the value addition process. In this case the process of psychological contract can be seen to have evolved much before the actual stint at the organization. It also reveals that these aspects were essentially not a part of the formal contract between the employee and the employer. However these aspects had a crucial linkage with the morale and

Rachel Carson in Environmental Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Rachel Carson in Environmental - Essay Example Aside from the environmental problems discussed by Carson, the author also revealed an underlying economic problem that gave rise to the need for pesticides – â€Å"overproduction†. To respond to the ever-increasing appetite of the U.S. population for crops, farmers have abandoned traditional methods of agriculture and adopted faster means of reaping thousands of tonnage of produce in a short amount of time. This economic greed for abundance resulted not just to acreages of land being attacked by pests, but to garbage bins being filled up by excess food dumped by insatiable, bloated citizens. Carson reminds us to take care of the environment and, at the same time, holds a mirror from which we could reflect on our unhealthy consumption practices. Another argument Carson raises to which this paper agrees is the lack of government participation in pesticide use where â€Å"abuses go unchecked in both state and federal agencies†. The government should devote financia l and manpower resources to test the toxicity of pesticides on the market, layout safety guidelines for their use, and, ideally, recommend safer methods of controlling pest infestations. In addition, current agricultural practices should be re-evaluated in order to come up with novel farming methods that are more aligned with the natural cycle of the environment. A strong political will that balances the laws of nature, the needs of the economy, and the interests of citizens is necessary to execute the changes needed in the government.

Four Steps to Forecast Total Market Demand Essay Example for Free

Four Steps to Forecast Total Market Demand Essay Such forecasts are crucial since companies must begin building new generating plants five to ten years before they are to come on line. But during the 1975–1985 period, load actually grew at only a 2% rate. Despite the postponement or cancellation of many projects, the excess generating capacity has hurt the industry financial situation and led to higher customer rates. ? The petroleum industry invested $500 billion worldwide in 1980 and 1981 because it expected oil prices to rise 50% by 1985. The estimate was based on forecasts that the market would grow from 52 million barrels of oil a day in 1979 to 60 million barrels in 1985. Instead, demand had fallen to 46 million barrels by 1985. Prices collapsed, creating huge losses in drilling, production, refining, and shipping investments. Bill Barnett is a principal in the Atlanta office of McKinsey Company. He is a leader of the firm’s Microeconomics Center, and his client work has focused on business unit and corporate strategy. ? In 1983 and 1984, 67 new types of business personal computers were introduced to the U. S. market, and most companies were expecting explosive growth. One industry forecasting service projected an installed base of 27 million units by 1988; another predicted 28 million units by 1987. In fact, only 15 million units had been shipped by 1986. By then, many manufacturers had abandoned the PC market or gone out of business altogether. The inaccurate suppositions did not stem from a lack of forecasting techniques; regression analysis, historical trend smoothing, and others were available to all the players. Instead, they shared a mistaken fundamental assumption: that relationships driving demand in the past would continue unaltered. The companies didn’t foresee changes in end-user behavior or understand their market’s saturation point. None realized that history can be an unreliable guide as domestic economies become more international, new technologies emerge, and industries evolve. As a result of changes like these, many managers have come to distrust traditional techniques. Some even throw up their hands and assume that business planning must proceed without good demand forecasts. I disagree. It is possible to develop valuable insights into future market conditions and demand levels based on a deep understanding of the forces behind total-market demand. These insights can Copyright 1988 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. All rights reserved. sometimes make the difference between a winning strategy and one that flounders. A forecast of total-market demand won’t guarantee a successful strategy. But without it, decisions on investment, marketing support, and other resource allocations will be based on hidden, unconscious assumptions about industrywide requirements, and they’ll often be wrong. By gauging total-market demand explicitly, you have a better chance of controlling your company’s destiny. Merely going through the process has merit for a management team. Instead of just coming out with pat answers, numbers, and targets, the team is forced to rethink the competitive environment. Total-market forecasting is only the first stage in creating a strategy. When you’ve finished your forecast, you’re not done with the planning process by any means. There are four steps in any total-market forecast: 1. Define the market. 2. Divide total industry demand into its main components. 3. Forecast the drivers of demand in each segment and project how they are likely to change. . Conduct sensitivity analyses to understand the most critical assumptions and to gauge risks to the baseline forecast. Defining the Market At the outset, it’s best to be overly inclusive in defining the total market. Define it broadly enough to include all potential end users so that you can both identify the appropriate drivers of demand and reduce the risk of surprise product substitutions. The factors that drive forecasts of total-market size differ markedly from those that determine a particular product’s market share or product-category share. For example, total-market demand for office telecommunications products nationally depends in part on the number of people in offices and their needs and habits, while total demand for PBX systems depends on how they compare on price and benefits with substitute products like the local telephone company’s central office switching service. Beyond this, demand for a particular PBX is a function of price and benefit comparisons with other PBXs. In defining the market, an understanding of product substitution is critical. Customers might behave differently if the price or performance of potential substitute products changes. One company studying total demand for industrial paper tubes had to consider closely related uses of metal and plastic tubes 4 to prevent customer switching among tubes from biasing the results. Understand, too, that a completely new product could displace one that hitherto had comprised the entire market—like the electronic calculator, which eliminated the slide rule. For a while after ATT’s divestiture, the Bell telephone companies continued to forecast volume of long-distance calls by using historical trend lines of their revenues—as if they were still part of a monopoly. Naturally, these forecasts grew more inaccurate with time as end users were presented with new choices. The companies are now broadening their market definitions to take account of heightened competition from other longdistance carriers. There are several ways you can make sure you include all important substitute products (both current and potential). From interviews with industrial customers you can learn about substitutes they are studying or about product usage patterns that imply future switching opportunities. Moreover, market research can lead to insights about consumer products. Speaking with experts in the relevant technologies or reviewing technological literature can help you identify potential developments that could threaten your industry. Finally, careful quantification of the economic value of alternative products to different customers can yield deep insights into potential switching behavior—for example, how oil price movements would affect plastics prices, which in turn would affect plastic products’ ability to substitute for metal or paper. Analyses like these can lead to the construction of industry demand curves—graphs representing the relationship between price and volume. With an appropriate definition, the total-industry demand curves will often be steeper than demand curves for individual products in the industry. Consumers, for example, are far more likely to switch from Maxwell House to Folgers coffee if Maxwell House’s prices increase than they are to stop buying coffee if all coffee prices rise. In some cases, managers can make quick judgments about market definition. In other cases, they’ll have to give their market considerable thought and analysis. A total-market forecast may not be critical to business strategy if market definition is very difficult or the products under study have small market shares. Instead, your principal challenge may be to understand product substitution and competitiveness. One company analyzed the potential market for new consumer food cans, and it concluded that growth trends in food product markets were not critical to the strategy question. What was critical was knowing the value positions of the new packagesJuly–August 1988 elative to metal cans, glass jars, and composite cans. So the company spent time on that subject. Dividing Demand into Component Parts The second step in forecasting is to divide total demand into its main components for separate analysis. There are two criteria to keep in mind when choosing segments: make each category small and homogeneous enough so that the drivers of demand will apply consistently across its various elements; make each large enough so that the analysis will be worth the effort. Of course, this is a matter of judgment. You may find it useful in aking this judgment to imagine alternative segmentations (based on enduse customer groups, for example, or type of purchase). Then hypothesize their key drivers of demand (discussed later) and decide how much detail is required to capture the true situation. As the assessment continues, managers can return to this stage and reexamine whether the initial decisions still stand up. Managers may wish to use a ‘‘tree’’ diagram like the accompanying one constructed by a management team in 1985 to study demand for paper. In this disguised example, industry data permitted the division of demand into 12 end-use categories. Some categories, like business forms and reprographic paper, were big contributors to total consumption; others, such as labels, were not. One (other converting) was fairly large but too diverse for deep analysis. The team focused on the four segments that accounted for 80% of 1985 demand. It then developed secondary branches of the tree to further dissect these categories and to determine their drivers of demand. It analyzed the remaining segments less completely (that is, via a regression against broad macroeconomic trends). Other companies have used similar methods to segment total demand. One company divided demand for maritime satellite terminals by type of ship (e. g. , seismic ships, bulk/cargo/container ships). Another divided demand for long-distance telephone service into business and residential customers and then subdivided it by usage level. And a third segmented consumer appliances into three purchase types—appliances used in new home construction, replacement appliance sales in existing homes, and appliance penetration in existing homes. In thinking about market divisions, managers need to decide whether to use existing data on segment sizes or to commission research to get an independent estimate. Reliable public information on historHARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW July–August 1988 ical demand levels by segment is available for many big U. S. industries (like steel, automobiles, and natural gas) from industry associations, the federal government, off-the-shelf studies by industry experts, or ongoing market data services. For some foreign markets and less well-researched industries in the United States, like the labels industry, you may have to get independent estimates. Even with good data sources, however, the readily available information may not be divided into the best categories to support an insightful analysis. In these cases, managers must decide whether to develop their forecasts based on the available historical data or to undertake their own market research programs, which can be timeconsuming and expensive. Note that while such segmentation is sufficient for forecasting total demand, it may not create categories useful for developing a marketing strategy. A single product may be driven by entirely different factors. One study of industrial components found that consumer industry categories provided a good basis for projecting total-market demand but gave only limited help in formulating a strategy based on customer preferences: distinguishing those who buy on price from those who buy on service, product quality, or other benefits. Such buying-factor categories generally do not correlate with the customer industry categories used for forecasting. A strong sales force, however, can identify customer preferences and develop appropriate account tactics for each one. Forecasting the Drivers of Demand The third step is to understand and forecast the drivers of demand in each category. Here you can make good use of regressions and other statistical techniques to find some causes for changes in historical demand. But this is only a start. The tougher challenge is to look beyond the data on which regressions can easily be based to other factors where data are much harder to find. Then you need to develop a point of view on how those other factors may themselves change in the future. An end-use analysis from the commodity paper example, reprographic paper, is shown in the accompanying chart. The management team, using available data, divided reprographic paper into two categories: plain-paper copier paper and nonimpact page printer paper. Without this important differentiation, the drivers of demand would have been masked, making it hard to forecast effectively. In most cases, managers can safely assume that demand is affected both by macroeconomic vari5 Components of Uncoated White Paper Making Up Total Demand (thousands of tons) End-Use Category Business Forms Commercial Printing Reprographics Envelopes Other Converting Total Demand Stationery and Tablet Books Directories Catalogs Magazines Inserts Labels Reviewed in Depth Percent of Total 1985 Demand 25% 25 20 10 5 5 5 1 or less ables and by industry-specific developments. In looking at plain-paper copier paper, the team used simple and multiple regression analyses to test relationships with macroeconomic factors like white-collar workers, population, and economic performance. Most of the factors had a significant effect on demand. Intuitively, it also made sense to the team that the level of business activity would relate to paper consumption levels. Economists sometimes refer to growth in demand due to factors like these as an ‘‘outward shift’’ in the demand curve—toward a greater quantity demanded at a given price. ) Demand growth for copy paper, however, had exceeded the real rate of economic growth and the challenge was to find what other factors had been causing this. The team hypothesized that declining copy costs had caused this increased usage. The relationship was proved by estimating the substantial cost reductions that had occurred, combining those with numbers of tons produced over time, and then fashioning an indicative demand curve for copy paper. See the chart ‘‘Understanding Copy Paper Demand Drivers. ’’) The clear relationship between cost and volume meant that cost reductions had been an important cause of past demand growth. (Economists sometimes describe this as a downward-shifting supply curve leading to movement down the demand curve. ) Further major declines in cost per copy seemed unlikely because paper costs were expected to remain flat, and the data indicated little increase in 6 price elasticity, even if cost per copy fell further. So the team concluded that usage growth (per level of economic performance) was likely to continue the flattening trend begun in 1983: growth in copy paper consumption would be largely a function of economic growth, not cost declines as in the past. The team then reviewed several econometric services forecasts to develop a base case economic forecast. Similar studies have been performed in other industries. A simple one was the industrial components analysis mentioned before, a case where the total forecast was used as background but was not critical to the company’s strategy decision. Here the team divided demand into its consuming industries and then asked experts in each industry for production forecasts. Total demand for components was projected on the assumption that it would move parallel to a weight-averaged forecast of these customer industries. Actual demand three years later was 2% above the team’s prediction, probably because the industry experts underestimated the impact of the economic recovery of 1984 and 1985. In another example, a team forecasting demand for maritime satellite terminals extrapolated past penetration curves for each of five categories of ships.

Spirituality and Sexuality in Palliative Care

Spirituality and Sexuality in Palliative Care Anjum zahoor Significance of spirituality and sexuality in palliative care According to WHO (2012) â€Å"Palliative care is an approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing the problem associated with life-threatening illness, through the prevention and relief of suffering by means of early identification and impeccable assessment and treatment of pain and other problems, physical, psychosocial and spiritual†. The aim of palliative care is to provide comfort care and support system at end of life, to relieve suffering and cope with problem associated with life changes due to illness. Literature also supported that Palliative care does not depend on prognosis, as the life is at end stage, or cure the disease. But it focuses primarily on anticipating, preventing, diagnosing, and treating symptoms experienced by patients with a serious or life-threatening illness and helping patients and their families make medically important decisions. During my palliative course clinical I encountered with 80 year old male patient admitted with complain of drowsiness, hiccups and upper GI bleed. At Aku he was treated as aspiration pneumonia. During history taking patient stated that, from two days I was feeling weak and unable to move myself. After investigations, reports revealed that he was suffering from bilateral brain atrophy, subdural hygromas and Pleural effusion in left lung. In Four days clinical I observed that his son took care of his father, reciting holy Quran and sprinkle holy water on his face. When I assessed patient’s spiritual Domain, his son verbalized that before hospitalization he was very punctual in his rituals, offered prayers. Due to hospitalization he was unable to perform his rituals. During care when I asked about patient’s memorable day he stated that my memorable day is when me and my wife went to America to meet my daughter .we enjoyed a lot, visited the entire beautiful place and spend good time with my family. Suddenly patient stop conversation and cried. I shocked for a while, elaborating further he mention that he lost his wife. I felt very sad. The moment is very emotional, and my eyes are full of tears. I felt like crying. I felt the pain he was going through from which he can get relief after peace full death. I was very sorry for the absence of his family members, during his last movement who can give at least moral support for him. As a nursing student my responsibility is to provide holistic care to the patient and his family. During care I identified several affected domains, like physical (pain in leg and stomach, drowsiness), psycho-social (death of wife), spiritual (religious), and many others. Here all domains of palliative care are interlinked to each other but I focused on two affected domains: spiritual and sexual. This paper is about issues, intervention, recommendations regarding spirituality and sexuality. I would like to discuss the highlighted domain which was spirituality. Many patients find changes in their spirituality when they are at end of life. Some patients get very closer to God, offer their rituals and find religion as a coping mechanism to enhance their well-being. While some people get confused and stack in spiritual conflicts, blaming God for illness and denied from happening as result they separate themselves from supreme-power. Similar is the case with my patient, because of his illness his religious practice was greatly altered. As patient was CBR and has pain in his leg and right hand. He used to offer regular rituals prior, to his illness and now he is upset as he is unable to do. But he is very satisfied with his God’s blessing. He says that â€Å"God gave me everything, fulfill my wishes, and I am very happy with my life. But now he considers himself unkempt bec ause of urine bag, NG tube. I encouraged patient and his family to reconnect with God. Sulmasy, D. P. (2006). Stated that â€Å"spirituality play a vital role in a person’s coping style. It can also provide a network of social support that promote and to maintain emotional and psychological wellbeing†. As a nurse when I assess patients need, he verbalized that he wants to offer prayers. At that time I provide table covered with clean white clothes, so that patient put his tasbii on it and offer his prayer. Due to his physical illness he does not able to stand so, I encourage patient to offer ritual on his bed and I assist him with physical limitation. I curtain patients bed provided privacy and encouraged patient’s family to recite holy Quran near bed side, and assist to show the direction of kiblah. During feeding his son requested me to give holy water I give. The family really appreciates me and my effect comes fruitful. It makes me so happy and proud. Other highlighted domain was sexuality. Sexuality is fundamental desire for all human being. According to WHO as cited in (Tierney,D.K. (2008). â€Å"Sexuality is the combination of physical, emotional, intellectual, and social aspects of sexual beings in positive ways to enrich and enhance personality, communication, and love†. Most of the health care professionals are hesitant in asking about these issues. Health care provider always address physical, social, psychological domain and many times they neglect the domain of sexuality in their care. As a palliative care nurse it’s my responsibility to provide holistic care to patients so it’s important to discuss the impact of their illness on sexuality. Sexuality is not only about intercourse or not refer to just a physical act but it means identity, gender roles and orientations, libido, pleasure, and attachment. It is experienced and may be expressed through thoughts and feelings and love. It doesn’t matt er patient is so aged, weak or drowsy, but we have to assess patient sexual component. According to Julie (2004) sexuality is a lifelong natural need that is not limited by age, physical appearance, health status, or functional abilities. Referring to my patient’s sexual domain. No doubt patient’s wife is no more, he feel alone and misses his wife, he seems weak or aged but we have to assess patient’s sexual need, his feeling toward it. May be patient wants to meet his daughter share his feeling and emotion with her, gave any advice to them. As a nurse it is not necessary that I help patient to meet with his wife to fulfill his sexual desire, it doesn’t mean that. Delivering physical care also come in sexuality. Moreover, during our palliative course theory session, one of our faculties told us that physical appearance also comes under component of sexuality. If a person is looking well, his self-esteem also improves, while if a person is unkempt, his sel f-esteem declines which ultimately affects patient’s sexuality too. I give fully attention to my patient in care, I give mouth care, bedding, encourage to change clothes. Encourage patient’s family to share his feeling with him. Now a day Palliative care nursing is a very new and fruitful concept. It is started in our country but on a very slow moving and special effort is needed to build up this field. Moreover at organization level we have to work on it. Awareness session, programs are required. So we should conduct session with collaboration of other institution to come close to holistic care during last moment of live. As a student nurse it is our responsibility to assess all domain of palliative care. I would like to share a model that would further enhance our capabilities to understand the qualities of nurses that would help the nurses to play an effective role in palliative care. The model I am discussing isThe Nursing Role Effectiveness Model.This model focuses on the nursing variables such as education and working experience that had a direct impact on patients effective palliative care. If a nurse is well aware and educated about the technical ways of communication with a dying patient, so she can ease his suffering in an effectual manner (Lange, Thom Kline, 2008). Furthermore, health care team should have knowledge about spirituality so that they can identify and fulfill the need of patients by providing them holistic care. It is also recommended that there should be a separate room for patient and family, where they can peace fully performed their rituals. There should a system in hospital policy that provides a spiritual leader. For sexuality it is necessary that nurse should perform a profound sexual assessment and build a therapeutic relationship. It would allow the client to comfortably verbalize his feelings. Moreover, if his family would be there so we would encourage them to spend time with the patient, hug him, kiss him or be intimate with him. Hereother ways of conveying intimacy. Legg, M. (2013). In conclusion, palliative nursing care plays a vital role in terminally ill patients and family to enhance their wellbeing. It is very important component of holistic care and we nurses also play very crucial role in improving condition of patients, providing moral support, which include social, sexual, spiritual emotional and psychological domain. By end of two week of clinical I realized that how much palliative course is important to enhanced or support for patient. In future I will tried my best to help them ,provide a moral care .i used this knowledge in to practice in my community to promote this course. REFERENCE Baldacchino, D.R. (2011). Teaching On Spiritual Care: The perceived impact on qualified nurses. Nurse Education in practice, 11, 47-53. Julie,M. (2004). Sexuality at the end of life.American Journal of Hospice Palliative Care,21. Lange, M., Thom, B., Kline, N. (2008). Assessing Nurses Attitudes toward Death and Caring for Dying Patients in a Comprehensive Cancer Center.Oncology Nursing Forum,35(6), 955-959. doi:10.1188/08.onf.955-959 Legg, M. (2013). What is psychosocial care and how can nurses better provide it to adult oncology patients.Australian Journal of Advance Nursing, 28(3), pp.1-13.. Olasinde, T. A. (2012). Religious and Cultural Issues surrounding Death and Bereavement in Nigeria.Online Journal of African Affairs,1(1), 1-3 Tierney,D.K.(2008). Sexuality: A Quality-of-Life Issue for Cancer Survivors.Seminars in Oncology Nursing,24(2), 71-79. doi:10.1016/j.soncn.2008.02.001 Sulmasy, D. P. (2006). Spiritual Issues in the Care of Dying Patients: â€Å" Its Okay Between Me and God†. Jama, 296(11), 1385-1392. World Health Organization. (2012). WHO definition of palliative care nursing.

Different Types of Bridges Essay -- miscellaneous

Different Types of Bridges The quest for travel has always been one that man has tried to conquer. First, he traveled on foot, and then developed methods of transportation such as boats, but one of the first obstacles that he had to overcome was getting across rivers, waterways, and canals. Today, bridges have become a part of everyday life; hence without them, people would have a much more difficult time going from one place to another. In the United States alone, there are more than half a million bridges (History of Bridges 1). Although bridges have been in existence since ancient times, they were not first made by man. Nature actually made the first bridges by toppling logs across streams. This was considered the first beam bridge as the flat rocks were used to support the log. Then, the water eroded the rocks and eventually a stone bridge was formed. The ancient Romans built arched bridges because they needed roads and bridges to connect the sections of their empire. The original swing bridge, from which the suspension bridge was produced, was a simple vine that swung people over the water. From these beginnings, men created four main types of bridges. To begin with, beam bridges, also known as girder bridges, are one of the easiest and simplest types of bridges to build. In ancient times, people used to make these bridges out of granite. Beam bridges can be made by putting a wooden plank over an area needing to be crossed. To get across larger areas, piers or supports can be fabricated up from the river bed to hold up a couple of beams. The piers of the girder bridge have constant pressure on them. Therefore, the beams, which are usually made out of concrete or steel, have a lot of strength so they do not crumble due to the heavy load. Many beam bridges are made of pre-stressed concrete. This concrete has steel rods inside of it, which help resist tension. When the weight pushes down on a bridge, the top of the beams are pressed together creating compression, while the bottom edge is stretched and causes tension. Beam bridges are not practical in cities with a lot of high rises, because the bridge has very low clearance. The bigge st limitation of the girder bridge is its length. The farther apart the piers are, the weaker the bridge gets. Beam bridges are good to use on spans of up to two hundred feet ( How Bridges Work 1). A bridge of greater... ... long way (Bridges 3). A cable-stayed bridge is used to cross medium lengths, which are approximately five hundred feet to two thousand eight hundred feet (Bridges 3). The cable-stayed bridge requires less cable than a suspension bridge, and is much faster to build in comparison to suspension bridges. Cable stayed bridges are supported by stave towers. These towers are ‘A’ shaped, and absorb almost all of the bridge’s compression. Unlike suspension bridges, cable stayed bridges only have two towers and do not need any anchorages. Now that man has overcome the obstacle of getting across rivers, canals, and waterways efficiently, it is now time to perfect these human creations so no more mishaps happen. Even though people keep hearing about collapsing bridges, they still use them because it has become a part of their everyday life style. Without bridges, people would have a difficult time getting from one place to another. It could be done by means of a ferry or other boat, but that is time consuming and a real pain in the neck because once a person gets across the river or canal, they would have to walk everywhere. So, without bridges, things would not be the way they are today.

Emotional Competency In The Classroom Essay

Learning is the product of cognitive processes that interplay with the emotional and attitudinal readiness of an individual. It is, as Carl Rogers says, the â€Å"insatiable curiosity that drives the adolescent boy to absorb everything he can see or hear or read about gasoline engines in order to improve the efficiency and speed of his cruiser. † In essence, it is the student’s inner motivation to identify that which is in the environment as something relevant and important and incorporate that into his system in order for him to become a better person. It is the drawing in of knowledge and drawing out of an idea [Rogers, 1994] to impart and impact one’s environment. In this context, learning in a school setting is a much difficult process when the school curriculum and the school policies do not provide the good sowing ground for learning. Thus, the cognitive change does not happen at all in such setting. There are only cramming for exams and exchange of notes. There are only heads for attendance purposes and papers for course requirement purposes. The individual change which brings about commitment to make the difference is totally absent. It is never too late to start a different path. Along this line, this strategic plan is aimed at enhancing emotional competence of all stakeholders in the school community. The change involves all and everyone. The students are the beneficiaries and everyone else is the instrument of change. The success of this much-needed change in the learning setting in school depends upon the trust, respect, open-mindedness, flexibility, and open communications that each one in the school organization would be willing to adopt, espouse, and commit. Strategy In order to effect a change in the learning processes in school, it is important that all stakeholders in school become aware of their functions and responsibilities towards the aim of creating a safe and nurturing school environment in order to develop the students’ emotional competence. To implement this strategy, this plan is endorsed for implementation. The Plan Consistent with the strategy to enhance students’ emotional competence for learning, the following objectives and action steps shall be pursued: Objective A: To review the present school setting, such as school policies, curriculum, student handbook, methods of teaching, grading system, recognition system, disciplinary action policy, and other relevant policies. Action Step A. 1. Create committees who will be responsible for the review of relevant school policies and materials as identified in Objective A. Action Step A. 2. Propose revisions/amendments to make these policies and guidelines applicable and relevant to this strategic plan. Action Step A. 3. Present the proposals to school administration in order to let them understand the need for change all for the betterment of the school, the students, and the teacher. Action Step A. 4. Seek approval of the proposals or where revisions have to be made, revise and present final paper for approval by school administration. Objective B: To incorporate student-centered learning principles and practices in the school curriculum, programs, activities, and classroom teaching methodologies. Action Step B. 1. Create student activities which are centered on students’ learning potentials and capabilities. Action Step B. 2. Modify the role of the teacher from lecturer to collaborator/facilitator in the learning process. Action Step B. 3. Motivate students to take active roles in the learning process through classroom discussions, activities, and projects which engage their mental faculties. Action Step B. 4. Revise current student-evaluation or adopt a grading system which truly reflects student learning. Action Step B. 5. Provide effective feedback mechanism to update, improve, coach, and develop students’ capability to learn in the classroom. Objective C: To conduct school-wide information drive as regards the strategic plan which involves the commitment of all stakeholders in school. Action Step C. 1. Prepare the information and campaign materials which should substantiate the rationale and the commitment that is required from every single individual in school. Action Step C. 2. Make a schedule for the information dissemination without necessarily disrupting classes. Small group meetings are highly encouraged as communication and feedback would be more direct and enriching. Action Step C. 3. Identify members of the Speakers Bureau who will be tasked to lead the information drive and information campaign. These could be the informal leaders whose charisma with students and teachers is unquestionable. It is important to get stakeholders attracted to the idea and more important for them to give their whole-hearted support to the strategic plan. Action Step C. 4. Record all feedbacks during the information drive for the evaluation of the Committees and upon which point may be clarified or changes may be adopted. Action Step C. 5. Conduct an overall general assembly inviting all stakeholders and giving them feedback on what transpired during the small group meetings. A consensus should be reached as to everyone’s commitment to support the strategic plan. This is an appeal to emotion and highly cognitive discussions should be avoided. Implementation After getting everyone’s commitment to the strategic plan, implementation and monitoring are the functions of the school administrators jointly with the student council. Regular feedback mechanism should be established. The success of the strategic plan lies in the dynamism of all the stakeholders involved in the processes. Dynamism comes about in an atmosphere of total commitment to a very noble cause.

Mass and Chemical Reactions Lab Essay

Relationships in a Chemical Reaction Lab Introduction: This lab focused on mass relationships within a chemical reaction. To understand this lab first, it is necessary to understand the reaction that is going on in the reaction. The Copper (II) chloride hydrate reacts with Aluminum to produce Aluminum chloride, copper, and water. Theoretical yield and various other forms of yield must be understood too, theoretical yield is what amount of the product you should get theoretically according to your calculations; experimental yield is the product you get after you finish the experiment. Because of error usually your experimental yield will be off from your theoretical yield. Percent yield is the efficiency of the reaction to get to the theoretical yield. Data Collection And Processing: Raw Data: Table #1 : Substance / Object and Mass Table Substance / Object| Mass (Â ± 0. 01 g)| 200mL beaker| 67. 38 Â ± 0. 01 g| 200mL beaker + Copper| 69. 39 Â ± 0. 01 g| Copper| 2. 01 Â ± 0. 01 g| 200mL beaker + Dried Copper| 68. 01 Â ± 0. 01 g| Dried Copper| 0. 63 Â ± 0. 01 g| Qualitative Data: Before the reaction, the Copper (II) Chloride hydrate is a blue crystallized substance, the Aluminum was shiny and made crinkly sounds, it has a smooth metallic feel to it. During the reaction initially when stirred the water the water turns blue. When the aluminum is placed into the hydrous CuCl? the water becomes a darker murky substance. Steam is coming out of the water and aluminum is visibly dissolving. The aluminum is also turning black and vapor is forming along the sides. Foam like red pieces are forming and dropping. As the solid turns completely red the liquid is becoming clear again and is colorless.